{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:26:21Z","timestamp":1777940781427,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj","award":["DVM thesis"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DVM thesis"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vector-borne diseases, especially those carried by ticks, are one of the major public health challenges worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Ticks, as vectors and reservoirs of dangerous pathogens, play an important role in the transmission of common diseases between humans and animals. Relapsing fever caused by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. is one of these diseases that has become endemic in many regions of the world, as well as in Iran.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Blood samples and ticks were collected from small ruminants in eight counties of Kurdistan province, Western Iran. DNA from collected ticks and blood samples was extracted, and all were tested for the detection of the 16S rRNA gene of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). For the identification of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">flaB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">groEL<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 416 blood samples from sheep and goats and 520 collected ticks from these animals were examined from eight counties in Kurdistan Province. Molecular analyses revealed that 3.1% of the blood samples and 1.74% of the tick samples were infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. The highest infection rates in both livestock and ticks were observed in Marivan County. The identified tick species were predominantly\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rhipicephalus bursa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (60.9%) and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rhipicephalus sanguineus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (33.4%), and all positive tick samples belonged to these two species. Phylogenetic analysis of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">flaB<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">groEL<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene sequences confirmed the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia lonestari<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia theileri<\/jats:italic>\n                      in blood samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the molecular evidence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in livestock and ticks from Kurdistan Province, Iran. However, the limited number of positive samples and the restriction of sampling to a single province should be considered when interpreting these results. Broader studies covering multiple regions and host species are needed to better understand the epidemiology of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in Iran.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667251411799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1767783563000},"page":"191-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Investigation of\n                    <i>Borrelia<\/i>\n                    spp. in Small Ruminants and Collected Hard Ticks from Them in Kurdistan Province, Western Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Farhoodi Moghaddam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary, Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Latifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Hamadan, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Moravedji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary, Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojdeh","family":"Fehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary, Islamic Azad University Sanandaj Branch, Sanandaj, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rahravani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Hamadan, Iran."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","article-title":"Distribution of soft ticks and their natural infection with Borrelia in a focus of relapsing fever in Iran","volume":"1","author":"Aghighi Z","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aghighi Z, , Assmar M, , Piazak N, et al. 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