{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:07:56Z","timestamp":1779188876222,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection were evaluated in sand flies and rodents during a cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) outbreak in two military camps in southern Israel (2022\u20132023). The efficacy of a novel intervention combining drone-based pesticide application and rodent bait stations was assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sand flies and rodents were sampled and tested for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      by PCR and DNA sequencing. In April 2023, precision spreading of pesticides via drones and bait stations targeting\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Meriones tristrami<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mus musculus domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was done in camp 2, while camp 1 served as control.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection rates in vectors and reservoirs were compared before and after intervention, alongside CL incidence in soldiers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 7,204 female\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      were analyzed. The minimal infection rate of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      in camp 2 declined from 1.23 in 2022 to 0.03 post-iinterventionin 2023 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.034). In camp 1, no significant change occurred (0.50 in 2022 vs. 0.22 in 2023,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.622). Among 63 rodents, 8 (12.7%) were infected: five with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                      (2\/11\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. musculus domesticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      [18.2%] and 3\/52\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tristrami<\/jats:italic>\n                      [6%]) and three\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tristrami<\/jats:italic>\n                      (6%) with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Overall rodent infection declined significantly from 24.1% in 2022 to 2.9% in 2023 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032), with camp 2 showing the most pronounced reduction (31.6% vs. 3.3%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02). Human CL incidence also dropped significantly: in camp 1, from 17.1 to 2.6\/1000, and in camp 2, from 33.3 to 4.9\/1000 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Significant reductions in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection were observed in vectors, reservoirs, and humans following the intervention. Although CL dynamics are influenced by multiple factors, these findings support the potential of drone-based and host-targeted approaches for integrated leishmaniasis control. Further studies are required to validate and optimize such technologies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667261419572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:54:27Z","timestamp":1773255267000},"page":"261-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surveillance of\n                    <i>Leishmania<\/i>\n                    spp., Assessment in Sand Flies and Rodents, and Intervention Measures Using Drones During an Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southern Israel"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kleinerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavie","family":"Chaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirly","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomological Laboratory, Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laor","family":"Orshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomological Laboratory, Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagi","family":"Gavriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoav","family":"Motro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Beit Dagan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaarit","family":"Nachum-Biala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar D.","family":"Kirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomological Laboratory, Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sivan","family":"Melloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagi","family":"Gilboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noy","family":"Moscovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yacov","family":"Sachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Migal","family":"Tighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Grinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuval 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