{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:10:10Z","timestamp":1778929810984,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional (UNA) de Costa Rica and the United States Department of Agriculture","award":["Project Natural cycle of Vesicular Stomatitis V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project Natural cycle of Vesicular Stomatitis V"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vesicular stomatitis is endemic in southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. The causative agent, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV; Rhabdoviridae:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Vesiculovirus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), includes two serotypes\u2014New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV)\u2014both present in Costa Rica. Transmission occurs via direct contact, fomites, and insect vectors. Occupational exposure, particularly in livestock workers, is a known risk, and high human seroprevalence has been reported elsewhere in Central America. Some cases present with a self-limited febrile illness, occasionally with vesicular lesions. No studies have assessed human VSV seropositivity in Costa Rica.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two dairy cantons of Costa Rica: Po\u00e1s (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 174) and Tilar\u00e1n (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 84). Serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against VSNJV and VSIV using microseroneutralization in Vero-E6 cells. The seroprevalence with 95% confidence intervals was estimated. Associations with occupation and cattle contact were evaluated using chi-square tests and relative risk (RR). No clinical data were collected, as the study was focused solely on serological evidence of exposure.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Po\u00e1s, VSNJV seroprevalence was 40.8% and VSIV 16.7%. Agricultural work was associated with higher VSNJV (RR = 2.28,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0001) and VSIV seropositivity (RR = 4.78,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0004). Direct cattle contact correlated with VSIV seropositivity (RR = 4.22,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0050). In Tilar\u00e1n, VSNJV seroprevalence was 26.2% and VSIV 3.6%; only direct cattle contact was significantly associated with VSNJV (RR = 6.14,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0191). Prevalence was higher in Po\u00e1s for both VSNJV (RR = 1.56,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022) and VSIV (RR = 4.67,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0028).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This first report of human VSV seropositivity in Costa Rica shows a predominance of VSNJV. Higher prevalence among agricultural workers and those with cattle contact highlights occupational risk. Findings align with bovine seroprevalence and historical Central American human data, underscoring the need to consider VSV in febrile illnesses and to strengthen integrated \u201cOne Health\u201d surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667261421864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T15:52:52Z","timestamp":1770393172000},"page":"365-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Historical Serological Evidence of Human Exposure to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (New Jersey and Indiana Serotypes) in Dairy Regions of Costa Rica (1999)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Ayub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Enfermedades Tropicales, Programa Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales (PCVET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco V.","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Enfermedades Tropicales, Programa Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales (PCVET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaby","family":"Dolz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maestr\u00eda en Enfermedades Tropicales, Programa Regional en Ciencias Veterinarias Tropicales (PCVET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica."},{"name":"Laboratorio de Zoonosis y Entomolog\u00eda, Programa Integrado Medicina Poblacional, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Seroprevalencia de los serotipos New Jersey e Indiana del virus de la estomatitis vesicular en bovinos de la regi\u00f3n de Po\u00e1s, Costa Rica","volume":"17","author":"Alvarado M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alvarado M. Seroprevalencia de los serotipos New Jersey e Indiana del virus de la estomatitis vesicular en bovinos de la regi\u00f3n de Po\u00e1s, Costa Rica. Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias, 1999; 17(2):45\u201352.","journal-title":"Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Ayub I. Presencia de anticuerpos neutralizantes contra el virus de estomatitis vesicular (serotipos New Jersey e Indiana) en personas residentes en zonas lecheras de Costa Rica. Master Thesis. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences Tropical Diseases: Heredia Costa Rica; 2002. https:\/\/repositorio.una.ac.cr\/bitstreams\/53ea6c18-32f8-464f-83d9-0d6cc6d54f4c\/download"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Serological response to vesicular stomatitis virus during an outbreak in Panama","volume":"16","author":"Brody H","year":"1967","unstructured":"Brody H, , Tesh RB, , Johnson KM. Serological response to vesicular stomatitis virus during an outbreak in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1967; 16(5):659\u2013665.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.875"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda de la estomatitis vesicular en Costa Rica: Estudios serol\u00f3gicos en bovinos","volume":"9","author":"Cornelissen CN","year":"1987","unstructured":"Cornelissen CN, , P\u00e9rez AM. Epidemiolog\u00eda de la estomatitis vesicular en Costa Rica: Estudios serol\u00f3gicos en bovinos. Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias, 1987; 9(1):11\u201318.","journal-title":"Revista de Ciencias Veterinarias"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","volume-title":"Fields Virology","author":"Fields BN","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fields BN, , Knipe DM, , Howley PM., eds. Fields Virology, 6th ed.. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA; 1996.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2016.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.00737-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"Merck Veterinary Manual. Vesicular stomatitis in large animals. Merck Vet Man; 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/generalized-conditions\/vesicular-stomatitis-in-large-animals [Last accessed: February18 2025]."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Human vesicular stomatitis with neurological involvement: A case report","volume":"25","author":"Quiroz E","year":"1988","unstructured":"Quiroz E, , Crawford TB, , Johnson KM. Human vesicular stomatitis with neurological involvement: A case report. J Med Virol, 1988; 25(1):47\u201352.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Subclinical vesicular stomatitis in Costa Rican cattle: A seroepidemiological study","volume":"38","author":"Rodr\u00edguez R","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez R, , Hern\u00e1ndez A, , Soto R. Subclinical vesicular stomatitis in Costa Rican cattle: A seroepidemiological study. 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Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1969; 63(2):201\u2013207.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.342"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012345"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15303667261421864","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15303667261421864","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15303667261421864","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T10:38:19Z","timestamp":1778927899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15303667261421864"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15303667261421864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15303667261421864","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]}}}