{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:42:45Z","timestamp":1792597365782,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michael Shannon Grant"},{"name":"Chris King Grant"},{"name":"Global Lyme Alliance"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus typically transmitted between mosquitoes and birds with occasional spill-over into other animals, including humans. Children evaluated for suspected Lyme disease may share environmental risk factors for WNV and present with overlapping symptoms. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of WNV infection in children with suspected Lyme disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a nested case-control study within a prospective cohort study of children with suspected Lyme disease aged 1\u201321 years enrolled at 1 of 8 Pedi Lyme Net emergency departments. Lyme disease was defined by either an erythema migrans (EM) lesion or positive two-tier serology. Cases with Lyme disease (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 305) were matched by age, symptoms, and enrolling center to symptomatic controls without Lyme disease (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 295). We performed indirect (Luminex microbead immunoassay MIA] with reflex IgM enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) and direct (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) WNV testing. Acute WNV infection was defined with either a positive MIA and EIA or a positive PCR test result.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 600 included patients, 15 (2.5%) had a positive and 53 (8.8%) had an equivocal WNV MIA result. Of these, only 1 had a positive EIA result. Another child had a positive WNV PCR test. The two children with active WNV infections also had acute Lyme disease (0.3%, 95% confidence interval 0.1%, 1.2%) with neurological symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute WNV infection is uncommon in pediatric patients being evaluated for suspected Lyme disease. Routine WNV testing is not indicated when evaluating for suspected Lyme disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15303667261479477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T14:16:21Z","timestamp":1786716981000},"page":"794-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of West Nile Virus in Children Being Evaluated for Lyme Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9038-9539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Woll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Hadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy B.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Encephalitis Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2883-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Integrative Health Science, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree D.","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics &amp; Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam B.","family":"Kharbanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children\u2019s Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Ladell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3697-8954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Waxman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-0418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Meola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Encephalitis Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise E.","family":"Nigrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"ArboNet. n d. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mosquitoes\/php\/arbonet\/ [Last accessed: March 16 2026]."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Clinical manifestations in the West Nile virus outbreak","volume":"48","author":"Ceau\u015fu E","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ceau\u015fu E, , Er\u015fcoiu S, , Calistru P, et al. Clinical manifestations in the West Nile virus outbreak. Rom J Virol 1997;48(1\u20134):3\u201311.","journal-title":"Rom J Virol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","unstructured":"Diagnostic Testing Algorithm for Suspected West Nile Virus Disease. 2025. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/west-nile-virus\/hcp\/diagnosis-testing\/diagnostic-testing-algorithm.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/me12245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050788"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00654-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01283-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.200920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.1.65-72.2004"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15303667261479477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15303667261479477","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15303667261479477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:46:56Z","timestamp":1792594016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15303667261479477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15303667261479477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15303667261479477","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]}}}