{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:12:45Z","timestamp":1788963165545,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Telemedicine and e-Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In developing countries, satellite-based technology can aid critical telemedicine applications and other digital health services in critically underserved areas. Affordable, high-speed broadband services can and should be accessible to all citizens. Remote locations are necessary to support various critical services, including education and training, telehealth applications, remote patient monitoring, and warning systems, particularly during disasters. Currently, however, these services are limited to urban centers, leaving rural areas without access to specialized health care services. This digital divide significantly impacts health care delivery, with only 48% of rural populations having internet access compared with 83% in urban areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of this study was to assess the suitability of Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites for telemedicine and health care backhaul connectivity. To achieve this, the study conducted a comparative analysis of the systems, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations in terms of latency, coverage, and deployment costs. A systematic literature review and the assessment of real-world case studies and worldwide datasets complemented this analysis. Case studies from Starlink deployments in North America and Sub-Saharan Africa and Amazon\u2019s Project Kuiper were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LEO satellites demonstrated significantly lower latency (20\u201350 ms) compared with MEO (100\u2013300 ms) and GEO (600 ms) systems. Cost analysis revealed LEO services ($110\u2013$500 per month) were substantially more affordable than MEO ($250\u2013$1,000 per month) and GEO ($500\u2013$2,000 per month) alternatives. Starlink deployments achieved download speeds of 50\u2013250 Mbps with sub-50 ms latency, enabling real-time telemedicine consultations that met clinical standards. Rural telemedicine consultations increased by over 300% in areas with LEO satellite coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that the LEO Starlink satellite technology would provide the most cost-effective backhaul broadband connectivity for real-time telemedicine services, given its low latency needs (20\u201350 ms), which enable high-quality video calls and remote diagnostics. We recommend using an LEO-based satellite network as the best approach to extend internet services to underserved remote communities due to its low latency and cost-effectiveness in aiding health care delivery in developing countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15305627251409990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:43:42Z","timestamp":1767797022000},"page":"339-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deployment of Low-Latency Satellite Technology for Telemedicine: A Backhaul Solution for Improving Rural Health Care Connectivity in Developing Countries"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9856-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Padi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Midwest University, St Louis, Missouri, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9266-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Nyapom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IU International University of Applied Sciences, Erfurt, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick L.","family":"Scheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany."},{"name":"ProjOffz Telemicrobiology\/Teleparasitology, Central Military Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4212025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"Caching through the skies: The case of LEO satellites connected edges for 6G and beyond","author":"Abdellatif B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdellatif B, , Shibl MM, , Khattab T, et al. 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