{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:59:18Z","timestamp":1792681158858,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Numerous studies have demonstrated that ultraviolet radiation in the C wavelength range produced by light-emitting diodes (UVC-LEDs) is effective for disinfection (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e.,<\/jats:italic>\n                    inactivation of vegetative bacteria and viruses). However, there are few efficacy data available to confirm its use as a sterilization technique (complete inactivation of bacterial spores). The present study evaluated the use of UVC-LED to achieve the sterilization of stainless-steel surfaces as a function of UVC dose and several other variables. Spores of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus atrophaeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and two strains of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus pumilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were used as indicator microorganisms. Results showed that the microorganism, spore loading, and inoculation method all affected whether complete inactivation was achieved. Under the tested conditions, sterilization of stainless-steel surfaces was achieved using UV-LED with doses that ranged from \u223c4500 to 21,000 mJ\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and if spore deposition was low enough to prevent clumping and subsequent shielding. We found that spore deposition in which sterilization was achieved ranged from 2.9 to 6.2 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    colony-forming units\/cm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and depended primarily on the microorganism\/strain. Shielding of UV radiation diminished efficacy and may have also occurred from the presence of foreign material.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15311074251365196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T20:35:33Z","timestamp":1758918933000},"page":"550-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sterilization of Stainless-Steel Surfaces Using Ultraviolet Radiation Produced by Light-Emitting Diodes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-9418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariela","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consolidated Safety Services, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily P.","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeybee Robotics, Altadena, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Ratliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consolidated Safety Services, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Aslett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology, Inc., Tullahoma, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel-Hady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Technology, Inc., Tullahoma, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Mendez Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2022.103050"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2022.2084315"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020352"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsse.2024.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2009.00586.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2008.00387.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lab-scale assessment to support remediation of outdoor surfaces contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores","volume":"2","author":"Calfee M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Calfee M, , Choi Y, , Rogers J, et al. 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