{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:21:24Z","timestamp":1777944084476,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Astrobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Ocean world plumes at Enceladus, Triton, and possibly Europa are astrobiologically significant. These active processes may transport fresh material from potentially habitable subsurface environments to the surface and atmosphere\/exosphere, where they can be accessed by spacecraft and telescopic observations. However, it is currently unclear if chemical fractionation or other modification processes might occur during subsurface transport and eruption and potentially lead to changes in concentrations of habitability indicators relative to the source reservoir. To explore this phenomenon in a natural setting, we investigated the cold CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    geysers in Green River, Utah, which have eruptions driven by volatile exsolution. We collected samples from two geysers with different vent diameters and discharge volumes and compared the chemical composition of the erupted effluent and mineralogy of evaporite deposits with their respective pre-erupted waters; we also performed geochemical modeling to reconstruct the original chemical speciation of the source waters. Observed increases in electrical conductivity for both the erupted effluents may be due to an influx of warm fluids enriched in CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -charged brine entering the aquifer and initiating eruption via CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    exsolution and buoyant acceleration. Modeling results indicate source waters extremely rich in dissolved CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    with pH values significantly lower than those of erupted waters. The outgassing of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and significant levels of sulfate, Na\/K ratio, and acidic pH suggest that the effluent from this geysering system may serve as a natural analog for putative plume deposits on Europa. The larger geyser (Crystal) had evaporites that were carbonate-rich, while the smaller geyser (Champagne) produced evaporites dominated by sulfate minerals. Furthermore, in a sample of erupted Champagne waters cooled rapidly in vacuum to replicate a frozen plume deposit, vitreous MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    was the primary constituent; this was not the main component in solution or identified in the evaporite or surrounding tufa. Overall, our observations suggest that geyser discharge volume, eruptive energy, and\/or proximity to the host reservoir may all play a role in the composition of plume ejecta and surface deposits, and care should be taken in integrating both\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and remote sensing observations to fully characterize plume deposits and make robust inferences of ocean composition. Key Words: Enceladus\u2014Europa\u2014Reflectance spectroscopy\u2014Raman spectroscopy\u2014Habitability indicator\u2014Plume. Astrobiology 26, 79\u201398.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15311074261416868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T09:50:02Z","timestamp":1770198602000},"page":"79-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cold-Water CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Geysers as Ocean World Plume Analogs: Investigation of Habitability Indicators in Crystal and Champagne Geysers Pre- and Posteruption"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Morgan L.","family":"Cable","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA."},{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA."},{"name":"College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella A.","family":"Musto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Glein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Science Division, Space Sector, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Alex","family":"Patthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sally L.","family":"Potter-McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Systems and Sustainability, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen L.","family":"Craft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2022.120984"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sed.12158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-024-01069-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/G33738.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(90)90374-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/PSJ\/abfb7a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4772960"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-017-0289-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB095iB08p12653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2006.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-1035(88)90085-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2008.0819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120985"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2012.0872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly","author":"Eigenbrode J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eigenbrode J, , Gold RE, , McKay CP, et al. 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