{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:57:12Z","timestamp":1791982632807,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technol Cancer Res Treat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pathological angiogenesis and apoptosis evasions are common hallmarks of cancer. A different approach to the antitumor effect of parasitic diseases caused by certain protozoans and helminthes had been adopted in recent years as they can affect many cancer characteristics. The present work is an attempt to assess the effect of gamma radiation-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii ME49 as an antiapoptotic and angiogenic regulator modifier on tumor growth aimed at improving cancer protective protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Attenuated Toxoplasma gondii ME49 was administered orally to mice 2 weeks before inoculation with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma to allow stimulation of the immune response. Hepatic histopathology and immune responses were determined for each group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Marked suppression of the tumor proliferation with induction of long-lasting immunity by stimulating interferon \u03b3 and downregulating transforming growth factor \u03b2. The level of tumor promoting inflammatory markers (STAT-3 and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1), the angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor A, integrin, and matrix metallopeptidase 2 and matrix metallopeptidase 9), as well as nitric oxide concentration were significantly decreased. This was collimated with an improvement in apoptotic regulators (cytochrome-c, Bax, Bak, and caspase 3) in liver tissues of vaccinated mice group compared to Ehrlich ascites carcinoma-bearing one. Moreover, the histopathological investigations confirmed this improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hence, there is an evidence of potency of radiation attenuated Toxoplasma vaccine in immune activation and targeting tumor cell that can be used as a prophylactic or an adjuvant in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033820926593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]],"date-time":"2020-06-22T06:31:20Z","timestamp":1592807480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Gamma Radiation-Attenuated\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    Provokes Apoptosis in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma-Bearing Mice Generating Long-Lasting Immunity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Eman N.","family":"Hafez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT)-Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma S. M.","family":"Moawed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT)-Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehan R.","family":"Abdel-Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy authority, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0128-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nermeen M.","family":"Elbakary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy authority, Cairo, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bibr1-1533033820926593","first-page":"555945","volume":"16","author":"Upadhyay RK","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Trends Biomed Eng Biosci"},{"key":"bibr2-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.06.155"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr3-1533033820926593","first-page":"8","volume":"38","author":"Callejas BE","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Sci Rep"},{"key":"bibr4-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6152489"},{"key":"bibr5-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.26296"},{"key":"bibr6-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1104447"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr7-1533033820926593","first-page":"129","volume":"37","author":"Choo JD","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"bibr8-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2009.47.2.175"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr9-1533033820926593","first-page":"183","volume":"9","author":"Mohamadi F","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"bibr10-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2007.22.S.S38"},{"key":"bibr11-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1974"},{"key":"bibr12-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(02)00054-3"},{"key":"bibr13-1533033820926593","first-page":"1","author":"Hafez EN","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"key":"bibr14-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"bibr15-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/niox.2000.0319"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr16-1533033820926593","first-page":"24","volume":"72","author":"Bradford MM","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Bio Chem"},{"key":"bibr17-1533033820926593","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Stevens A, Dawswon MP. Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques. 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone; 1996:273\u2013292."},{"key":"bibr18-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1700"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr19-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191358","volume":"13","author":"Otegbeye F","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr20-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1327107"},{"key":"bibr21-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3128869"},{"key":"bibr22-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:27:2-3:521"},{"key":"bibr23-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.7.2818-2824.1994"},{"key":"bibr24-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069012"},{"key":"bibr25-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193429"},{"key":"bibr26-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2015.215"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr27-1533033820926593","first-page":"4516","volume":"59","author":"Suganuma M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"bibr28-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20141337"},{"key":"bibr29-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317728480"},{"key":"bibr30-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2012.05.022"},{"key":"bibr31-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-201286"},{"key":"bibr32-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.6.2873"},{"key":"bibr33-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3099fje"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr34-1533033820926593","first-page":"140","volume":"3","author":"No\u00ebl A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr35-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21731"},{"key":"bibr36-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh146"},{"key":"bibr37-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.04.010"},{"key":"bibr38-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2009.10.001"},{"key":"bibr39-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.07.029"},{"key":"bibr40-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-017-2057-0"},{"key":"bibr41-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01122.x"},{"key":"bibr42-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.3.1840"},{"key":"bibr43-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3148"},{"key":"bibr44-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.10.5878"},{"key":"bibr45-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(96)00389-9"},{"key":"bibr46-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80200-9"},{"key":"bibr47-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1626"},{"key":"bibr48-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.14.3878"},{"key":"bibr49-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1790-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr50-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0195542","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195542","volume":"13","author":"Saxena M","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"bibr51-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.08-230"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr52-1533033820926593","first-page":"7319","volume":"15","author":"Zhou Z","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"bibr53-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2015.50832"},{"key":"bibr54-1533033820926593","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2015.12.013"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/15330338221115806","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000}}],"container-title":["Technology in Cancer Research &amp; Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1533033820926593","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1533033820926593","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1533033820926593","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:04:56Z","timestamp":1777701896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1533033820926593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1533033820926593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1533033820926593","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-0346","1533-0338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-0346","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-0338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"article-number":"1533033820926593"}}