{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:17:14Z","timestamp":1791476234348,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2023 Guangxi University Young and Middle aged Teachers Research Foundation Ability Enhancement Project","award":["GJSSR[2023] No. 2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJSSR[2023] No. 2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technol Cancer Res Treat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF-\u03b21) is an immunosuppressive cytokine that is highly expressed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). TGF-\u03b21 plays important roles in regulating tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. However, the specific molecular mechanisms by which TGF-\u03b21 regulates cisplatin resistance in the TAM of LUAD remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>THP-1 induced macrophages were co-cultured with A549 and H1975 cells, and subsequently transfected with silencing TGF-\u03b21 (siTGF-\u03b21), GLI2 (siGLI2), a GLI2 overexpression plasmid, and their negative controls. Cellular activity was measured by CCK-8 and colony formation assays. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Transwell assays were performed to assess cell migration and invasion capabilities. The levels of Smad2\/3, GLI2, cyclin D, and cyclin E expression were evaluated by qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence methods. TGF-\u03b21 levels were determined by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macrophages suppressed the apoptosis and promoted the migration and invasion of LUAD cells. TAM siTGF-\u03b21 downregulated the Smad2\/3 signaling pathways and GLI2 expression, deceased cell proliferation, and promoted apoptosis. SiGLI2 increased apoptosis and decreased the proliferation of LUAD cell lines. GLI2 decreased cisplatin resistance in LUAD cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High expression of TGF-\u03b21 in the TAM positively activates GLI2 expression via the Smad2\/3 pathway, which subsequently regulates cyclin D and cyclin E expression, and promotes the cisplatin resistance of LUAD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338241274337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T20:29:53Z","timestamp":1724272193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tumor-Associated Macrophage-Derived TGF-\u03b21 Activates GLI2 via the Smad2\/3 Signaling Pathway to Affect Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Oncology and Chemotherapy, Afiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalong","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Burns, Plastic Surgery and Wound Repair, Afiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lini","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Afiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangsheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, 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