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Although radiation therapy can modulate tumor vessels, its effects vary widely due to vascular heterogeneity. Therefore, a reliable and noninvasive method to quantify vascular abnormality is needed to better predict treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a deep learning\u2013based imaging biomarker, the Vessel Risk Score (VRS), to quantify tumor vascular abnormality from contrast-enhanced CT scans. Trained on multi-institutional data from 126 NSCLC patients treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy, the model learned vascular morphology patterns from tumor\u2013vessel images. Using these learned patterns, vascular heterogeneity was quantified as the distributional difference from normal vessel morphology. The generalizability of VRS was then evaluated in an external cohort of 128 early-stage NSCLC patients who underwent stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VRS showed significantly better prediction of SBRT radiation therapy response compared to vessel density. The VRS of the responder group was 0.494 (95% CI: 0.47-0.52), significantly lower than the non-responder group's 0.578 (95% CI: 0.54-0.62). Additionally, patients with high VRS showed significantly shorter PFS compared to those with low VRS (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In Cox multivariate analysis, VRS emerged as the only significant predictor among vessel density and other clinical variables (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed AI-derived VRS provides a noninvasive and reproducible measure of tumor vascular abnormality, offering improved prediction of radiation therapy response and prognosis compared with vessel density. This approach may extend to prognostic assessment in other cancer types where vascular morphology plays a critical role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15330338261428377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:42:58Z","timestamp":1772257378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predicting Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Response Using an AI-Based Tumor Vessel Biomarker"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jun Hyeong","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ajou University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun 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