{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:35:04Z","timestamp":1777941304335,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technol Cancer Res Treat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Numerous beam directions using 3-D conformal techniques can be employed in treating tumors in the posterior fossa, each with characteristic normal tissue exposure along the entrance and exit trajectory. A representative variety of beam configurations were modeled in a modern computer planning system initially with the entire posterior fossa as the target. These beams were quantitatively scored using criteria based on integral doses for both low dose and high dose effects encompassing a variety of critical normal structures, thus identifying strengths and weaknesses of each beam. By blocking portions of a particular beam accounting for unfavorable scores, a map of \u201czones\u201d within the posterior fossa ideally treated by a certain beam or beams could be constructed. No universally ideal photon beam arrangement for the entire posterior fossa target could be identified. However, using single beam analysis, the strengths and weaknesses of particular strategies could be quantified. For example, vertex beams treating the cerebellar hemispheres allow the greatest sparing of cochlea and hypothalamus but at the cost of increased low to moderate dose to the supratentorial brain. Using the constructed maps identifying \u201czones\u201d appropriately treated by a given beam or beams, three-dimensional conformal treatment plans with favorable dose-volume statistics can be designed based on previously defined normal tissue tolerance considerations. It is shown how this approach can be individualized based on specific patient characteristics (e.g., age). We conclude that radiotherapy directed to the posterior fossa can be optimized based on systematic assessment of individual beam contributions to normal tissues. This technique allows fast selection of treatment beams based on known normal tissue anatomical and tolerance information. Further studies will be required regarding long term effects of various radiation doses on specific volumes of normal tissue in order to individualize beam selection. When treating children, knowledgeable consideration of these beam characteristics can help avoid late effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/153303460300200611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:55:00Z","timestamp":1412348100000},"page":"587-593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantitative Analysis of Three-dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy Techniques for Posterior Fossa Treatment in Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Timmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Indiana University School of Medicine 535 Barnhill Dr., RT041 Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marveen","family":"Ewing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Indiana University School of Medicine 535 Barnhill Dr., RT041 Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merideth","family":"Donges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Indiana University School of Medicine 535 Barnhill Dr., RT041 Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Indiana University School of Medicine 535 Barnhill Dr., RT041 Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Jakacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology University of Pittsburgh 3520 5th Avenue, Suite 205 Pittsburgh, PA 15213"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus E.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Indiana University School of Medicine 535 Barnhill Dr., RT041 Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00042-X"},{"key":"bibr2-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00367-3"},{"key":"bibr3-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)91025-I"},{"key":"bibr4-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(97)00004-7"},{"key":"bibr5-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(00)00741-0"},{"key":"bibr6-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(98)00178-3"},{"key":"bibr7-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/1.3.177"},{"key":"bibr8-153303460300200611","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000421-200010000-00011"}],"container-title":["Technology in Cancer Research &amp; Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/153303460300200611","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/153303460300200611","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:19:23Z","timestamp":1777702763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/153303460300200611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/153303460300200611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/153303460300200611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-0346","1533-0338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-0346","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-0338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]}}}