{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:37:11Z","timestamp":1777941431127,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]],"date-time":"2010-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technol Cancer Res Treat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Radiation is a major factor in the spaceflight environment that has carcinogenic potential. Astronauts on missions are continuously exposed to low-dose\/low-dose-rate (LDR) radiation and may receive relatively high doses during a solar particle event (SPE) that consists primarily of protons. However, there are very few reports in which LDR photons were combined with protons. In this study, C57BL\/6 mice were exposed to 1.7 Gy simulated SPE (sSPE) protons over 36 h, both with and without pre-exposure to 0.01 Gray (Gy) LDR \u03b3-rays at 0.018 cGy\/h. Apoptosis in skin samples was determined by immunohistochemistry immediately post-irradiation (day 0). Spleen mass relative to body mass, white blood cells (WBC), major leukocyte populations, lymphocyte subsets (T, Th, Tc, B, NK), and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T regulatory (Treg) cells were analyzed on days 4 and 21. Apoptosis in skin samples was evident in all irradiated groups; the LDR+sSPE mice had the greatest expression of activated caspase-3. On day 4 post-irradiation, the sSPE and LDR+sSPE groups had significantly lower WBC counts in blood and spleen compared to non-irradiated controls ( p &lt; 0.05 vs. 0 Gy). CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Treg cell numbers in spleen were decreased at day 4, but proportions were increased in the sSPE and LDR+sSPE groups ( p &lt; 0.05 vs. 0 Gy). By day 21, lymphocyte counts were still low in blood from the LDR+sSPE mice, especially due to reductions in B, NK, and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cytotoxic cells. The data demonstrate, for the first time, that pre-exposure to LDR photons did not protect against the adverse effects of radiation mimicking a large solar storm. The increased proportion of immunosuppressive CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Treg and persistent reduction in circulating lymphocytes may adversely impact immune defenses that include removal of sub-lethally damaged cells with carcinogenic potential, at least for a period of time post-irradiation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/153303461000900612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,3]],"date-time":"2014-10-03T14:55:00Z","timestamp":1412348100000},"page":"637-649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Low-dose Photon and Simulated Solar Particle Event Proton Effects on Foxp3\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T Regulatory Cells and other Leukocytes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Daila S.","family":"Gridley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Luo-Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeola Y.","family":"Makinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Pecaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao Wen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354 USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/0033-7587(2000)153[0729:ICDRFT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"bibr2-153303461000900612","volume-title":"Radiation Hazards to Crews of Interplanetary Missions: Biological Issues and Research Strategies","author":"Setlow R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr3-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3578250"},{"key":"bibr4-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543770903490429"},{"key":"bibr5-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f7cb76"},{"key":"bibr6-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2009.03.003"},{"key":"bibr7-153303461000900612","first-page":"115","volume":"74","author":"Pecaut M. J.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr8-153303461000900612","first-page":"781","volume":"20","author":"Gridley D. S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"bibr9-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3493.1"},{"key":"bibr10-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.08115"},{"key":"bibr11-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09553000701616106"},{"key":"bibr12-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1151"},{"key":"bibr13-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1178"},{"key":"bibr14-153303461000900612","volume":"2007","author":"Cools N.","journal-title":"Clin Develop Immunol"},{"key":"bibr15-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032158"},{"key":"bibr16-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021345"},{"key":"bibr17-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470871628.ch7"},{"key":"bibr18-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-002774"},{"key":"bibr19-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.11.6840"},{"key":"bibr20-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00437.x"},{"key":"bibr21-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-0304"},{"key":"bibr22-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05010"},{"key":"bibr23-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-05-220004"},{"key":"bibr24-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802509"},{"key":"bibr25-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1013.1"},{"key":"bibr26-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.07-024.Rithidech"},{"key":"bibr27-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327107083410"},{"key":"bibr28-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-005-0269-8"},{"key":"bibr29-153303461000900612","first-page":"159","volume":"22","author":"Gridley D. S.","year":"2008","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"bibr30-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1155.1"},{"key":"bibr31-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1670.1"},{"key":"bibr32-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/15228517-2006-006"},{"key":"bibr33-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.08095"},{"key":"bibr34-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3578250"},{"key":"bibr35-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nimb.2007.03.103"},{"key":"bibr36-153303461000900612","first-page":"525","volume":"13","author":"Kajioka E. H.","year":"1999","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"bibr37-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2007.02.009"},{"key":"bibr38-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.09050"},{"key":"bibr39-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3579298"},{"key":"bibr40-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose-response.06-108.Liu"},{"key":"bibr41-153303461000900612","first-page":"6","volume":"9","author":"Chen W. L.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Physicians Surg"},{"key":"bibr42-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.43.53"},{"key":"bibr43-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.6.554"},{"key":"bibr44-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3356.1"},{"key":"bibr45-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1667\/RR0623.1"},{"key":"bibr46-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00084-2"},{"key":"bibr47-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(02)00068-4"},{"key":"bibr48-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.050"},{"key":"bibr49-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050959"},{"key":"bibr50-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1997.77.4.1033"},{"key":"bibr51-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.08021"},{"key":"bibr52-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2006.05.007"},{"key":"bibr53-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00524.x"},{"key":"bibr54-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.3276"},{"key":"bibr55-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080505"},{"key":"bibr56-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2009.02.007"},{"key":"bibr57-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.08002"},{"key":"bibr58-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232565399"},{"key":"bibr59-153303461000900612","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03207.x"}],"container-title":["Technology in Cancer Research &amp; Treatment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/153303461000900612","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/153303461000900612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:23:50Z","timestamp":1777703030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/153303461000900612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/153303461000900612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/153303461000900612","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-0346","1533-0338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-0346","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-0338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}}}