{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:37:20Z","timestamp":1777941440856,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]],"date-time":"2014-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Technol Cancer Res Treat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>To provide a comprehensive assessment of patient setup accuracy in 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs) using 2-dimensional\/3-dimensional (2D\/3D) image registration with on-board 2-dimensional kilovoltage (OB-2DkV) radiographic images, we evaluated cranial, head and neck (HN), and thoracic and abdominal sites under clinical conditions. A fast 2D\/3D image registration method using graphics processing unit GPU was modified for registration between OB-2DkV and 3D simulation computed tomography (simCT) images, with 3D\/3D registration as the gold standard for 6DOF alignment. In 2D\/3D registration, body roll rotation was obtained solely by matching orthogonal OB-2DkV images with a series of digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) from simCT with a small rotational increment along the gantry rotation axis. The window\/level adjustments for optimal visualization of the bone in OB-2DkV and DRRs were performed prior to registration. Ideal patient alignment at the isocenter was calculated and used as an initial registration position. In 3D\/3D registration, cone-beam CT (CBCT) was aligned to simCT on bony structures using a bone density filter in 6DOF. Included in this retrospective study were 37 patients treated in 55 fractions with frameless stereotactic radiosurgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy for cranial and paraspinal cancer. A cranial phantom was used to serve as a control. In all cases, CBCT images were acquired for patient setup with subsequent OB-2DkV verification. It was found that the accuracy of the 2D\/3D registration was 0.0 \u00b1 0.5 mm and 0.1\u00b0 \u00b1 0.4\u00b0 in phantom. In patient, it is site dependent due to deformation of the anatomy: 0.2 \u00b1 1.6 mm and \u22120.4\u00b0 \u00b1 1.2\u00b0 on average for each dimension for the cranial site, 0.7 \u00b1 1.6 mm and 0.3\u00b0 \u00b1 1.3\u00b0 for HN, 0.7 \u00b1 2.0 mm and \u22120.7\u00b0 \u00b1 1.1\u00b0 for the thorax, and 1.1 \u00b1 2.6 mm and \u22120.5\u00b0 \u00b1 1.9\u00b0 for the abdomen. Anatomical deformation and presence of soft tissue in 2D\/3D registration affect the consistency with 3D\/3D registration in 6DOF: the discrepancy increases in superior to inferior direction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1533034614547454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,20]],"date-time":"2014-11-20T14:32:57Z","timestamp":1416493977000},"page":"305-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical Assessment of 2D\/3D Registration Accuracy in 4 Major Anatomic Sites Using On-Board 2D Kilovoltage Images for 6D Patient Setup"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Jonathan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Wien, Austria"},{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University Vienna, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Birkfellner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Wien, Austria"},{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Medical Radiation Research for Radiation Oncology, Medical University Vienna, Wien, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c5se","family":"Ballangrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon N.","family":"Powell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mechalakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1533034614547454","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.7.1.89"},{"key":"bibr2-1533034614547454","unstructured":"Li G, Mageras G, Dong L, Mohan R. 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