{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:18:09Z","timestamp":1777382289407,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]],"date-time":"2013-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368576000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dementia diagnosis and the various subtypes are challenging in the absence of biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine available tests and neuroimaging procedures that may help distinguish these disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), cognitive vascular disorder (CVD), and Frontotemporal lobe disorders (FTLD) were tested with a hierarchical neuropsychological battery that included the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test, and subtests. All patients had multimodality magnetic resonance imaging and\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) brain scans.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 161 patients evaluated for dysmemory and cognitive impairment, 31 satisfied the full protocol. The mean T scores for the 3 principal frontal system syndromes for the AD group were all abnormal save disinhibition. For the CVD and FTLD groups, all the 4 subcategory scores were abnormal. Disinhibition differed significantly between the AD and FTD group (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P = .02) and there was a strong association between the memory for 5 words test and a significant difference in the word list generation test score among the 3 groups (ANOVA, P = .0233). There was a strong association between the FDG-PET and the disease subtype ( P &lt; .0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evaluation for disinhibition, word list generation, 5-word memory testing and PET brain imaging may help distinguish the 3 most common dementia subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513488920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]],"date-time":"2013-05-16T00:16:24Z","timestamp":1368663384000},"page":"477-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Frontal Network Syndrome Testing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Director Cognitive and Stroke Programs, James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA"},{"name":"Cognitive Neurology Division, Director Scibrainhealth.com, Roskamp Neurosciences Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA"},{"name":"Professor of Neurology (affiliate) University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr189"},{"key":"bibr2-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179"},{"key":"bibr3-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000191304.55196.4d"},{"key":"bibr4-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70314-8"},{"key":"bibr5-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-7"},{"key":"bibr6-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3057(97)80226-1"},{"key":"bibr7-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154596830101500205"},{"key":"bibr8-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnn.0000213903.59827.50"},{"key":"bibr9-1533317513488920","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2000","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr10-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1546"},{"key":"bibr11-1533317513488920","volume-title":"Frontal Systems Behavior Scale","author":"Grace J","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr12-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790060110016"},{"key":"bibr13-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"bibr14-1533317513488920","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak MD","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr15-1533317513488920","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8579-4"},{"key":"bibr16-1533317513488920","volume-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Computer Version 4","author":"Heaton RK","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr17-1533317513488920","volume-title":"Tower of London","author":"Culbertson WC","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr18-1533317513488920","volume-title":"BRIEF-A. 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