{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:09:14Z","timestamp":1777712954287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]],"date-time":"2008-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1228089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims were to 1 characterize pretibial injuries and evaluate protection offered by garments\/fabrics; and 2 develop a laboratory test to determine the potential protection provided by such fabrics. Most (&gt;85%) of 75 patients treated for pretibial injury at Hutt Hospital, New Zealand sustained injury to one site and required surgery. Injuries were typically grade 3 or 4, 10-250 mm wide 30-350 mm long, and at the mid- to lower third of the tibia. The severity grade was lower when at least one fabric layer covered the site, slightly lower again with more than one layer, and when a knitted fabric\/garment was worn, and a trouser type garment. Laboratory test methods and their application reflected these known variables. The force transmitted through multiple fabric layers was less then through one layer: thick pantyhouse and either denim or fabrics used in 'sweat pants' would minimize transmitted force and maximize impulse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734608326817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,3]],"date-time":"2008-11-03T20:39:58Z","timestamp":1225744798000},"page":"220-234","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pretibial Injury: Key Factors and Their Use in Developing Laboratory Test Methods"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"R.M.","family":"Laing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing and Textile Sciences, University\rof Otago, Dunedin,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.J.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing and Textile Sciences, University\rof Otago, Dunedin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.A.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clothing and Textile Sciences, University\rof Otago, Dunedin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.T.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Burns\rUnit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.E.","family":"Niven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Application of Statistics and Mathematics,\rUniversity of Otago, Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Burns\rUnit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bialostocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Burns\rUnit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"274","volume":"115","author":"Laing R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Personal research from Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Surgery Unit","author":"BialostockiA.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"439","volume":"83","author":"Panting AL","year":"1976","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(73)80013-X"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.286.6364.502"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP1133-EB"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Performance of Protective Clothing: STP 1386","author":"Nelson CN","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.30.2.171"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.02.001"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650090910"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charpentier PJ A hip protector based on airbag technology. Bone. 1996 ;18(1 suppl.):117S.","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(96)80036-6"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92480-H"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2794200"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650101003"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38753.375324.7C"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(95)00637-Z"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06715.x"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19447023008661529"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09556229410063549"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. ISO 5084: 1996 Textiles-Determination of Thickness of Textiles and Textile Products. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 1996."},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405008908659184"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09556229510087146"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051759906900806"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Effect of woven fabrics on the fabric hand of cotton and CO\/PES fabrics assessed on the Instron tensile tester","author":"Frydrych I.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750007001201"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051750307301003"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10091"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10334"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(01)01175-3"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09556220010313779"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laing RM, Carr DJ Is protection part of the game? Protection against impact using clothing and personal equipment. In: Shishoo R, ed. Textiles in Sport. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing\/The Textile Institute; 2005:233-261.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845690885.4.233"},{"key":"atypb32","volume-title":"Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 11.0.0","author":"SPSS Inc.","year":"2001"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Methods of testing protective helmets. Method 3.2. Determination of impact energy attenuation- Striker drop test","author":"Standards Australia","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(03)00139-6"},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. EN 12751: 1999: Textiles-Sampling of Fibers, Yarns and Fabrics for Testing . Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization; 1999."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. ISO 139: 2005 Textiles-Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and Testing . Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization; 2005."},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"European Committee for Standardization. EN 12127: 1998: Textiles: Fabrics-Determination of Mass Per Unit Area Using Small Samples. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization; 1998."},{"key":"atypb38","unstructured":"British Standards Institution. BS 5441: 1988 British Standard Methods for Knitted Fabrics . London, UK: British Standards Institution; 1988."},{"key":"atypb39","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. ISO 7211-2: 1984 Textiles-Woven Fabrics Construction- Methods of Analysis. Part 2-Determination of Number of Threads Per Unit Length . Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization; 1984."},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"Introductory Statistical Methods","author":"Harraway J.","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1534734608326817","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1534734608326817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1777457216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1534734608326817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1534734608326817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1534734608326817","relation":{},"ISSN":["1534-7346","1552-6941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1534-7346","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}}}