{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:10:20Z","timestamp":1777713020511,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,24]],"date-time":"2009-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This open prospective study compared the bacterial flora of superficial and deep-wound biopsies and swabs over a 2-year period in 4 different samples cultured from open fracture wounds at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Samples were taken from 47 patients with factures graded according to Gustilo and Anderson\u2019s classification as grade 1 (2.1%), grade II (29.8%), grade IIIA (36.2%), and grade IIIB (31%). A total of 248 samples were cultured using standard techniques. The incidence of open fracture wounds was 78.7% in male patients and 21.3% in female patients. Tibia fractures constituted 66.1%. A total of 203 bacterial isolates were cultured from 248 samples. Gram-negative bacteria constituted 53.2% of isolates, with Escherichia coli being predominant (12.8%). Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant Gram-positive cocci (15.3%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (13.3%) may be considered to be the major source of open fracture wound contamination. The bacterial species cultured from superficial and deep-wound swabs and biopsies were similar. Resistance to antimicrobials was high for penicillins (amoxicillin and cloxacillin), with values of 68.6% and 58.3%, respectively, for superficial bacterial species and 58.2% and 31.9%, respectively, for deep-wound biopsies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734609350549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,24]],"date-time":"2009-11-24T06:53:27Z","timestamp":1259045607000},"page":"197-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Comparison of Superficial and Deep Bacterial Presence in Open Fractures of the Lower Extremities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"A.K.","family":"Ako-Nai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.\rNigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.C.","family":"Ikem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University,\rIle-Ife. 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