{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:28:25Z","timestamp":1792675705231,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The study aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological characteristics of diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in patients referring to a specialized diabetic foot service (DFS). The study is a retrospective observational study conducted in a single center, including patients who were referred for a new DFI. All patients were managed through a limb salvage protocol according to international guidelines. The following items were recorded: type of bacteria, presence of single or polymicrobial infection, and the antibiotic resistance. Overall, 268 patients were included. The mean age was 68.9\u2009\u2009\u00b1\u2009\u200910.9 years, 75% were male, and 97.2% had type 2 diabetes with a mean diabetes duration of 16\u2009\u2009\u00b1\u2009\u20099 years. One hundred thirty-nine (51.9%) DFU were ischemic, 120 (44.7%) patients had osteomyelitis, 107 (39.9%) had gangrene, 37 (13.9%) had phlegmon\/abscess\/cellulitis and 4 (1.5%) had necrotizing fasciitis. Among 370 bacteria isolated, gram positive were found in 207 (55.9%) cases, and gram negative in 163 (44.1%) cases. The higher rates of isolates were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (32.9%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    (10.8%), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (8.9%). Polymicrobial infection was reported in 33.6% of cases and antibiotic resistance was recorded in 16.5% of isolates. Among them, 10.3% were methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA). Antibiotic resistance was detected in 40.9% of cases in association with gangrene and osteomyelitis. The current study shows as polymicrobial infections and antibiotic resistance is frequently reported in DFIs, and antibiotic resistance was more associated with gangrene and osteomyelitis. Among bacteria reporting antimicrobial resistance, the highest rate was found for MRSA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346231178642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T05:40:14Z","timestamp":1685684414000},"page":"74-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microbiological and Clinical Characteristics of Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers Managed in a Tertiary Level Diabetic Foot Service"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cipriano","family":"Rossana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Figebo Centro Polispecialistico, Cassino (FR), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Giurato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6110-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Lazaro-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetic foot Unit, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreadi","family":"Aikaterini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruotolo","family":"Valeria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bellia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Lauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Uccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v8.i4.135"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Diabetic foot infections: a comprehensive overview","volume":"23","author":"Pitocco D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pitocco D, Spanu T, Di Leo M, et al. Diabetic foot infections: a comprehensive overview. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;23(2 Suppl):26-37.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734610363459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061779"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","article-title":"Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update)","volume":"36","author":"Lipsky BA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lipsky BA, Senneville \u00c9, Abbas ZG, et al. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of foot infection in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3280.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update)","volume":"36","author":"Schaper NC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schaper NC, van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, Bus SA, Hinchliffe RJ, Lipsky BA; IWGDF Editorial Board. Practical guidelines on the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3266.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","article-title":"Guidelines on the classification of diabetic foot ulcers (IWGDF 2019)","volume":"36","author":"Monteiro-Soares M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monteiro-Soares M, Russell D, Boyko EJ, et al. International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF). Guidelines on the classification of diabetic foot ulcers (IWGDF 2019). 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