{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:02:46Z","timestamp":1777712566576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Low macrophage viability in chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) may lead to inadequate interleukin (IL) expression and the persistence of infection. This study evaluates the association between macrophage function, IL-2 expression, and wound microflora in chronic DFUs. Diabetic patients with DFUs (group 1, n\u2009=\u200940) and without DFUs (group 2, n\u2009=\u200940) were compared for macrophage function in serum by viability testing. Immunological response was measured by serum IL-1\u03b2, IL-2\u03b2, and IL-10 levels. The aerobic and anaerobic microflora of the DFUs were assessed by culture and molecular methods. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical factors were statistically analyzed by \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    test and Student\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                    test. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was used to detect the pattern of association between glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c), serum IL-2 levels, and macrophage viability. Of the total DFU cases, 22 (55%) showed the presence of polymicrobial microflora. Low macrophage viability with predominant Gram-negative flora was seen in 10 (25%) cases in group 1. Serum IL-2 levels were significantly lower (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.004) in patients in group 1 along with elevated levels of hemoglobin A1c (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.038). MCA showed an association between low viability of macrophages and lower IL-2 levels and elevated hemoglobin A1c levels with lower serum IL-2 levels. As compared to group 2, the low viability of macrophages was significantly associated (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.007) with lower IL-2 levels in group 1. Elevated hemoglobin A1c levels are strongly associated with lower IL-2 levels and low macrophage viability. This might be a contributing factor to the persistence of infections in chronic DFUs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346231182793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T02:19:02Z","timestamp":1688696342000},"page":"90-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Poor Glycemic Control Is Associated With Lower Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Levels and Low Macrophage Viability in Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFUs)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0035-2842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuhina","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aradhana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9084-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakansha Giri","family":"Goswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mumtaz Ahmed","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arvind","family":"Pratap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somprakas","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2585-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-014-0081-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-012-0004-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2010.19.8.77711"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.62"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/dmt.15.44"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of early postoperative complications of laparotomies in diabetics and non-diabetics\u2014a study on south Indian population","volume":"30","author":"Rai S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rai S, Bhat R, Rao S, et al. 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