{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T22:39:07Z","timestamp":1783118347529,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Charcot foot or Charcot neuropathic joint disease (CN) is a rare and complex foot disease with unknown pathogenesis, hindering early identification and intervention. The study aimed to clarify the causal association between all predominant risk factors and CN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR), Multivariate MR, and Bidirectional MR analyses investigated the causal association between 36 modifiable risk factors and CN. The causal relationship between CN and Inflammatory cytokine and immune cells was also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetic factors associated with obesity and genetic susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases and non-cancerous thyroid diseases increased the risk of CN (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.05), genetically associated high basal metabolic rate and high total cholesterol decreased the risk of CN (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u2009.05). In addition, we found a bi-directional causal relationship between CN and diabetes. In further immune cell analysis, we found 8 CN related immune cells, and in inflammatory cytokine analysis, we found 2 CN related inflammatory cytokines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This comprehensive MR Study supports the causal role of Obesity-related factors, diabetes, autoimmune-related factors, and smoking in the development and progression of CN. This study identifies a potential cause of CN that has not been identified in previous studies and provides a new direction for further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15347346241283260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T03:09:42Z","timestamp":1726456182000},"page":"814-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Charcot Foot Based on the FinnGen Study R9 Data: A Wide-angle Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sichao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8965-0259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shouyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502600109"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"1168","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Charcot\u2019s osteoarthropathy","volume":"32","author":"Liu GL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu GL, Yang BK, Dong HR. 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