{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:14:59Z","timestamp":1790367299682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010380","name":"stiftung universit\u00e4tsmedizin essen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integr Cancer Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EEG biofeedback (NF) is an established therapy to enable individuals to influence their own cognitive-emotional state by addressing changes in brainwaves. Psycho-oncological approaches of NF in cancer patients are rare and effects are hardly studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this explorative, randomized controlled trial was to test the effectiveness of an alpha and theta NF training protocol, compared to mindfulness based therapy as an established psycho-oncological treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of initially 62 screened patients, 56 were included (inclusion criteria were cancer independent of tumor stage, age &gt;18\u2009years, German speaking; exclusion criteria suicidal ideation, brain tumor). Randomization and stratification (tumor stage) was conducted by a computer system. Participants got 10 sessions over 5\u2009weeks, in (a) an NF intervention (n\u2009=\u200921; 13 female, 8 male; MAge\u2009=\u200952.95(10\u2009519); range\u2009=\u200931 to 73\u2009years)) or (b) a mindfulness group therapy as control condition (CG; n\u2009=\u200921; ie, 15 female, 6 male; MAge\u2009=\u200950.33(8708); range\u2009=\u200932 to 67\u2009years)). Outcome parameters included self-reported cognitive impairment (PCI) as primary outcome, and secondary outcomes of emotional distress (DT, PHQ-8, GAD-7), fatigue (MFI-20), rumination (RSQ), quality of life (QoL, EORTC-30 QoL), self-efficacy (GSE), and changes in EEG alpha, and theta-beta band performance in the NF condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No changes in cognitive impairment were found ( P\u2009=\u2009.079), neither in NF nor CG. High affective distress was evident, with 70.7% showing elevated distress and 34.1% showing severe depressive symptoms. Affective symptoms of distress ( P\u2009\u2264\u2009.01), depression ( P\u2009\u2264\u2009.05) and generalized anxiety ( P\u2009\u2264\u2009.05) decreased significantly over time. No differences between NF and CG were found. There was a significant increase of the alpha band ( P\u2009\u2264\u2009.05; N\u2009=\u200915) over the NF sessions. Self-efficacy predicted QoL increase in NF with P\u2009\u2264\u2009.001 and an explained variance of 48.2%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first study to investigate NF technique with regard to basic mechanisms of effectiveness in a sample of cancer patients, compared to an established psycho-oncological intervention in this field. Though there were no changes in cognitive impairment, present data show that NF improves affective symptoms comparably to mindfulness-based therapy and even more pronounced in QoL and self-efficacy. Trial registration: ID: DRKS00015773<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15347354221149950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T05:00:28Z","timestamp":1674536428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neurofeedback Treatment Affects Affective Symptoms, But Not Perceived Cognitive Impairment in Cancer Patients: Results of an Explorative Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1028-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine","family":"Fink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Pasche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kira","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LVR-University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Tewes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative Medicine, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West German Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard W.","family":"M\u00fclley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Schadendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroFit GmbH, Krefeld, Germany"},{"name":"IB 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