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Its complex chemical makeup, high sugar content, low water activity, acidic pH, hydrogen peroxide generation, and a spectrum of bioactive phytochemicals create a multifaceted defense against microbial growth, yet honey also harbors diverse microorganisms, including potential pathogens, underscoring the need for robust quality control and safety considerations across production, processing, and storage. This study synthesizes current evidence on the antimicrobial mechanisms of honey and evaluates bacterial safety concerns, with emphasis on probiotic potential and risks associated with pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , to inform safe use and innovative functional food applications. A comprehensive review of existing literature and honey-specific data was conducted to collate chemical, microbiological, and safety-related parameters. Key antimicrobial mechanisms (osmotic pressure, acidic environment, hydrogen peroxide production, and bioactive compounds such as methylglyoxal in certain varieties) were mapped to their effects on diverse microbes. Safety considerations, contamination pathways, and regulatory frameworks were qualitatively assessed to identify critical control points. Honey\u2019s antimicrobial activity arises from synergistic interactions among sugars, pH, hydrogen peroxide, enzymes, and phytochemicals, yielding broad-spectrum inhibition. Beneficial lactic acid bacteria from honey and bees contribute probiotic potential, while the risk of contamination by pathogens necessitates stringent hygiene, processing controls, and adherence to quality standards. Processors can leverage nonthermal and thermal reduction methods to balance safety with the preservation of bioactive components. Honey remains a robust functional food with antimicrobial advantages and probiotic opportunities, provided that meticulous quality control and regulatory compliance are maintained to mitigate safety risks for vulnerable populations. Future work should optimize honey-based probiotic formulations and establish standardized safety protocols across the supply chain.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141251392181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:04:36Z","timestamp":1761728676000},"page":"839-853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Honey as a Functional Food: Evaluating Its Antimicrobial Properties and Bacterial Safety Concerns"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kobra","family":"Shirani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Mottaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medicine Science, Hamadan, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154719"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15030333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/MRJI\/2017\/33389"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15042210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2025.228-237"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55121\/fds.v2i1.315"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111700"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","first-page":"927","article-title":"Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity of different honey samples collected in the Pre-Saharan region in Algeria","volume":"12","author":"Ben Amor S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ben Amor S, , Mekious S, , Allal Benfekih L, et al. 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