{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:54Z","timestamp":1792787754613,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS), Ministry of Education, People's Republic of Bangladesh","award":["LS-2021-1723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LS-2021-1723"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01a18ks81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is a leading cause of diarrheal diseases, especially in developing countries like Bangladesh, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Despite its importance, data on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns remained limited. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    among patients with acute diarrhea at Tangail Medical College and Hospital, Tangail, Bangladesh, and to analyze the serogroup distribution and AMR profiles of the isolated strains. Stool samples from 96 patients with diarrhea were collected from May 2018 to December 2018 and tested for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    using biochemical, molecular, and serotyping methods. The isolates were further examined for antibiotic resistance. In addition, pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was assessed using\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a solid agar infection assay. Of the total participants, 28.1% were\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive by culture, while 5.2% and 4.15% were positive by molecular and serotyping methods, respectively. All\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates exhibited varying degrees of resistance to common antibiotics.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates exhibited high resistance for nalidixic acid only among the tested antibiotics.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid, while\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and nalidixic acid. However, no resistance was observed to azithromycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. In the pathogenicity assay, a significant difference in survival was observed in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. compared with the control group.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited the highest pathogenicity, with only 21.6% survival of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    after 12 h postinfection, while\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited 27.47% and 35.55% survival, respectively. This study highlights the importance of regular surveillance of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    prevalence and AMR patterns in Bangladesh. Furthermore, exploring genomic epidemiology and alternative treatments for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections is crucial in combating its spread and resistance in Bangladesh.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141251393834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:59:27Z","timestamp":1762390767000},"page":"859-868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of\n                    <i>Shigella<\/i>\n                    spp. and Assessed Their Pathogenic Potential Using the\n                    <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>\n                    Infection Model Associated with Acute Diarrheal Patients in Tangail, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Antora","family":"Kar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parvez","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazmus","family":"Sakib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Zaffar","family":"Shibly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatama Tous","family":"Zohora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratul Dipta","family":"Somadder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Masuder","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041613098"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050817"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.5.1423-1425.1995"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57423-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00906-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1611.090934"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit070"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2024.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1735606"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","first-page":"739","article-title":"Estimating the burden of shigellosis in Thailand: 36-month population-based surveillance study","volume":"83","author":"Chompook P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chompook P, , Samosornsuk S, , Von Seidlein L, et al. 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