{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:34:58Z","timestamp":1792787698686,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2026R23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R23"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05b0cyh02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"\n Shiga toxin (\n Stx<\/jats:italic>\n ) is the main virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n . Between its two types\n \u2014Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2014\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157:H7 produces\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n , which causes more severe infections compared with\n Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n or both\n Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n . In this study, we isolated and identified\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157:H7 from frozen raw beef samples and both\n Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n from frozen raw beef liver samples collected from the Al-Riyadh market in Saudi Arabia. Phenotypic detection was conducted using suitable and specific media\u2014sorbitol MacConkey agar and\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n chromogenic agar\u2014with\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157:H7 appearing as colorless and blue-colored colonies, respectively. Furthermore, serological testing using DrySpot\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157 latex agglutination tests was conducted to verify the identification and detection results. A conventional polymerase chain reaction was conducted using specific primers of the genes encoding\n Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n for further verification. The results showed that among the 50 frozen raw beef meat samples, 11 colonies harbored the\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n gene with an amplicon of 420 bp (22%). Meanwhile, among the 50 frozen raw beef liver samples, 5 samples harbored either both the\n stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n genes or the\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n gene alone, with amplicons of 310 and 420 bp, respectively (10%), while 6 samples harbored only the\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n gene (12%). Overall,\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157:H7 containing\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n was prevalent in beef meat, while\n Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\/or\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n were identified in beef liver. Furthermore,\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157:H7 harboring\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n genes were found to be more resistant to different antibiotic classes (50%) than strains containing\n stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\/or\n stx<\/jats:italic>\n 2 genes (42.28%). Moreover, doubling time in tryptic soy medium extended to 60 min for strains harboring\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n alone and 55 min for strains harboring s\n tx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\/or\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n . In conclusion,\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n O157:H7 was found to be considerably more multidrug resistant than\n Stx1<\/jats:italic>\n and\/or\n Stx2<\/jats:italic>\n with respect to several conditions and circumstances.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141251403446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:32:14Z","timestamp":1768995134000},"page":"769-780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n O157:H7 Harboring\n stx2<\/i>\n and\n stx1<\/i>\n &\n stx2<\/i>\n Genes Isolated from Frozen Raw Beef Meat and Beef Liver Samples"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hany M.","family":"Yehia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourhan H.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Program (Research Accessibility Team), Faculty of Medicine, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa","family":"Sonbol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer S.","family":"Aloufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shereen M.","family":"Korany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal F.","family":"El-Khadragy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."},{"name":"Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajapandiyan","family":"Krishnamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhakeem","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Alshuniaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/archcid.18690"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6954-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins","author":"Acheson DWK","year":"1991","unstructured":"Acheson DWK, , Donohue-Rolfe A, , Keusch GT. The family of Shiga and Shiga-like toxins. In: Sourcebook of bacterial protein toxins. (Alouf JE, , Freer JH., ed.) Academic Press Ltd., London, United Kingdom; 1991; pp. 415\u2013433."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2024.1445"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070378"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-015-0100-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2013.02.003"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","first-page":"1576","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli enterohemorragic O157:H7 in frozen bovine meat in Algeria","volume":"6","author":"Barka MS","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barka MS, , Kihal M. Prevalence of Escherichia coli enterohemorragic O157:H7 in frozen bovine meat in Algeria. J Appl Sci Res, 2010; 6(11):1576\u20131580. http:\/\/www.aensionline.com\/jasr\/jasr\/2010\/1576-1580.pdf1","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.3.497-503.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 11th ed. CLSI standard M07. 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