{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:36:50Z","timestamp":1777642610584,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021250","name":"Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U19-FD004995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19-FD004995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture and hydroponics that is now being used as a model for sustainable food production. Since fresh vegetables are usually consumed raw, especially leafy greens, there are concerns about food safety and zoonotic risks from fish waste for this emerging industry. The purpose of this study was to develop an experimental recirculating aquaponic system (RAS) prototype to then investigate persistence and transfer via root uptake of an attenuated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain in a RAS used for leafy green production. Initially, the infective dose of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhimurium strain to na\u00efve tilapia (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Oreochromis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) fingerlings was determined by intragastric challenge. Then, using two nonlethal doses (10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    and 10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    colony-forming units [CFU] per fish), a second group of fish was challenged and used in the laboratory-controlled RAS utilizing hydroponic lettuce.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    was quantified in the system components (tanks, tubing, plant bed substrate), fish waste, and lettuce plants (roots and plants) using microbiological and molecular analysis. From the first challenge, only the three highest inoculums (10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u201310\n                    <jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU) yielded positive isolation of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    from fish. In the second challenge, at least one of the RAS-holding\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected fish was positive for the presence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    at the tested time points. No clinical signs or mortality were observed. On Day 42, two fish from one RAS, inoculated with a high dose (10\n                    <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU), had positive stomach and intestinal tissues with concentrations ranging from 0.36 to 160 most probable number\/g of tissue. No plants or other tank system components were positive. This study describes a potential system to investigate foodborne diseases in RAS and identifies potential strategies to reduce the risk of bacterial contamination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141261437344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:37:27Z","timestamp":1774503447000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Potential Zoonotic Risks in Aquaponic Lettuce Production: A Prototype for Experimental Greenhouse Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-4816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Antaki-Zukoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Mangalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiman","family":"Aminabodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"de Alexandre Sebasti\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Soto Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Taber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boto Waterworks, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Illanes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University College of Veterinary Medicine, Greenvale, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Nino Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University College of Veterinary Medicine, Greenvale, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Jay-Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Center for Food Safety, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13110914"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02297.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122824"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-73.6.1023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A preliminary study of microbial water quality related to food safety in recirculating aquaponic fish and vegetable production systems","author":"Fox BK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fox BK, , Tamaru CS, , Hollyer J, et al. A preliminary study of microbial water quality related to food safety in recirculating aquaponic fish and vegetable production systems. Food Safety and Technology 2012;FST-51:1\u201311 .","journal-title":"Food Safety and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2006.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08905436.2015.1091977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1372"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.68.7.3639-3643.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12743"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2011.1044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"On-farm food safety: Aquaponics","author":"Hollyer J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hollyer J, , Tamaru C, , Riggs A, et al. On-farm food safety: Aquaponics. 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