{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:52:46Z","timestamp":1793130766861,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to quantify the global prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in foods and to evaluate its implications for food safety and public health. A comprehensive search of international databases was conducted from inception to May 17, 2025. A total of 34 eligible studies, encompassing 142 datasets from 22 countries across 5 continents, were included. Food items were categorized into eight groups: leafy vegetables, non-leafy vegetables, fruits and juices, mixed salads, raw meats, dairy products, eggs, and unspecified raw vegetables. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model, with heterogeneity assessed via the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    statistic. The estimated global prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in food samples was 8.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.5\u201310.3%). Pooled prevalence was 4.1% (95% CI: 2.6\u20136.2%) when using microscopic techniques, but significantly higher at 9.9% (95% CI: 7.7\u201312.7%) with molecular methods. The highest contamination rates were found in raw meats (11.9%) and non-leafy vegetables (11.4%), followed by unspecified raw vegetables (7.1%), leafy vegetables (6.3%), mixed salads (5.4%), fruits and juices (5.1%), and dairy products (2%). Subgroup analyses demonstrated variability in prevalence across factors such as publication year, country, continent, country development status, Human Development Index, climate zone, sample size, and diagnostic method. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the findings, and meta-regression showed that sample size was the only significant source of heterogeneity. Genotyping data, where available, indicated the presence of genotypes I and II in contaminated samples. The pooled prevalence of 8.2% offers a benchmark but should be interpreted cautiously due to study heterogeneity and uneven regional data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141261451633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T09:10:40Z","timestamp":1780305040000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in Foods: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Laya","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Mamizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roumina","family":"Norouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayan","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Pouryousef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fariba","family":"Shadfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Incidence of zoonotic parasites in Egyptian raw vegetable salads","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad SO","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmad SO, , El Fadaly HA, , Zaki MS, et al. 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