{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1781790935637,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRG\/2021\/003683\/BHS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2021\/003683\/BHS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010728","name":"ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["30-1\/CC\/Mastitis\/2024-25\/JDR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30-1\/CC\/Mastitis\/2024-25\/JDR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010728","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"abstract":"\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n , a common cause of bovine mastitis, relies on several virulence factors, with biofilm formation being a key contributor to its pathogenicity. The present study investigated the occurrence of\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n as etiological agents in bovine mastitis with a focus on the existence of various virulence factors and antibiotic resistance status. Among 120 milk samples collected from West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, 36 (30%)\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n strains were confirmed by conventional methods and PCR. Phenotypic analysis revealed hemolysin (55.55%) and coagulase production (36.11%), while molecular analysis revealed the presence of leukotoxin (\n luks<\/jats:italic>\n F, 19.44%), hemolysin (\n hlb<\/jats:italic>\n , 58.33%), coagulase (\n coa<\/jats:italic>\n , 63.88%), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (\n tsst<\/jats:italic>\n -1, 30.55%) genes. Biofilm production ability was detected in 97.22% (crystal violet assay) and 86.11% (Congo red agar assay) strains. Biofilm-associated genes, namely,\n icaA<\/jats:italic>\n (80.55%, 29\/36),\n icaB<\/jats:italic>\n (75%, 27\/36),\n icaC<\/jats:italic>\n (69.44%, 25\/36),\n icaD<\/jats:italic>\n (86.11%, 31\/36), and MSCRAMMs genes, namely,\n clfA<\/jats:italic>\n (58.33%, 21\/36),\n clfB<\/jats:italic>\n (75%, 27\/36),\n fnbA<\/jats:italic>\n (75%, 27\/36),\n fnbB<\/jats:italic>\n (55.55%, 20\/36),\n bap<\/jats:italic>\n (38.88%, 14\/36),\n bbp<\/jats:italic>\n (83.33%, 30\/36),\n ebps<\/jats:italic>\n (69.44%, 25\/36),\n eno<\/jats:italic>\n (66.66%, 24\/36),\n fib<\/jats:italic>\n (41.66%, 15\/36), and\n cna<\/jats:italic>\n (8.33%, 3\/36), were also detected. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in 88.88% isolates, with 72.22% exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR). Among the isolates, 83.33% were methicillin-resistant\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (MRSA), and\n mecA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n femA<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n femB<\/jats:italic>\n genes were present either singly or in combination in 76.66% of the isolates. Efflux pump protein genes, namely,\n norA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n norB<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n norC<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n mdeA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n mepA<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n sepA<\/jats:italic>\n , were detected either singly or in combination in\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. 61.53% of MDR-MRSA isolates harbored all six efflux pump genes. According to this study,\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n of mastitis origin harbors various virulence, antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming, and efflux pump genes. Bovine mastitis-derived MDR\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n isolates can pose a significant public health risk and need urgent attention to formulate strategies for their control and preventing transfer to the human food chain.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141261460684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T15:02:01Z","timestamp":1781622121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Virulence Factors, Biofilm Production, and Antimicrobial Resistance in Mastitis-Associated\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n Strains by Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Richa","family":"Sarkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi Kant","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajal","family":"Bankoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaideep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keshav","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrinalini","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debajit","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Resources Development Department, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaurav Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CADRAD, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Veterinary Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mudit","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, GADVASU, Ludhiana, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhoj Raj","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Biofilm forming multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus of dairy origin: Molecular and evolutionary perspectives","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed A, , Ijaz M, , Khan JA, et al. 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