{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:16:41Z","timestamp":1783070201025,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Typhoid fever (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi) has declined dramatically in Korea over three decades, but residual seasonality, demographic patterns and provincial spatial concentration have not been systematically reanalysed. Using all 3535 typhoid cases reported to the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency between 2001 and 2024 (3051 domestic and 484 imported [13.7%]), we quantified the long-term annual trend with the Hamed\u2013Rao modified Mann\u2013Kendall test (\u03c4 = \u22120.667,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0011) and a negative-binomial generalized linear model (GLM) yielding a Sen slope of \u22127.3%\/year (95% CI \u22129.9 to \u22124.4); a parametric-bootstrap analysis of the runner-up 1-breakpoint GLM identified 2018 as the most likely structural change point (95% CI [2009, 2022]). A continuous Morlet wavelet transform of the weekly series revealed annual periodicity that exceeded a 1000-simulation AR(1) red-noise null by a factor of 2.60. Direct age standardization and age-band-specific Mann\u2013Kendall tests showed statistically significant declines in every age stratum. Provincial spatial analysis (16 sido) gave a global Moran\u2019s I of 0.403 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0083, 9999 permutations) under a Queen + k-nearest-neighbor-2 baseline scheme, with the southeastern coastal cluster (Gyeongnam\u2013Busan\u2013Ulsan\u2013Gyeongbuk axis) preserved across 12 alternative weighting schemes after empirical Bayes shrinkage of sigungu-level rates and across two equal-length time strata; one province (Ulsan) survived Benjamini\u2013Hochberg FDR adjustment of the 16 LISA\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -values. Korean typhoid has continued its long-term decline; residual incidence concentrates in the southeastern coastal corridor, and imported cases\u2014including ciprofloxacin-resistant H58 strains from South Asia\u2014now form a substantial fraction of notifications, motivating pre-travel counseling and post-travel vigilance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353141261465221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T07:59:23Z","timestamp":1782806363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Typhoid Fever in the Republic of Korea, 2001\u20132024: Long-Term Decline, Residual Annual Periodicity, and Southeastern Coastal Spatial Clustering in 24 Years of Nationwide Surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4577-4576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geonsang","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biohealth Convergence Open Sharing System, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongdae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biohealth Convergence Open Sharing System, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006779"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa367"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-008-0993-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_7_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"STL: A seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on Loess","volume":"6","author":"Cleveland RB","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cleveland RB, , Cleveland WS, , McRae JE, et al. STL: A seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on Loess. J Off Stat 1990;6(1):3\u201373.","journal-title":"J Off Stat"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70239-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-15"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00093-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw232"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz405"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(97)00125-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511973420"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476572"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_3_9_18_1","first-page":"2156","article-title":"Surveillance of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in Korea, 2014\u20132018","volume":"12","author":"Kim JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim JS, , Kim BS, , Yang JS, et al. Surveillance of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in Korea, 2014\u20132018. Public Health Wkly Rep (KCDC) 2019;12(48):2156\u20132167.","journal-title":"Public Health Wkly Rep (KCDC)"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00105-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_20_1","volume-title":"Infectious Disease Surveillance Yearbook 2023","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Infectious Disease Surveillance Yearbook 2023. Cheongju: KDCA; 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000180"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2347593"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1351-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2332142"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009170"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1968.10480934"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0061:APGTWA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62708-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3281"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-93"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00255-2"}],"container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15353141261465221","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15353141261465221","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15353141261465221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T08:29:04Z","timestamp":1783067344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15353141261465221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15353141261465221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15353141261465221","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3141","1556-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3141","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-7125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"15353141261465221"}}