{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:37:15Z","timestamp":1777873035494,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,1]],"date-time":"2001-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":986083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates massive release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) together with nitric oxide (NO) and a lessor release of leptin. We hypothesized that other types of stress such as that of surgery might also release these cytokines and NO. Adult male rats were anesthetized with ketamine\/acepromazine\/xylazine anesthesia (90 + 2 + 6 mg\/ml, respectively) and an external jugular catheter was inserted for removal of blood samples (0.6 ml) at various times postoperatively. Plasma TNF-\u03b1 was almost undetectable in decapitated rats and was near zero immediately following the placement of the jugular catheter (time zero [to]). As the rats awakened from anesthesia, there was a rise in TNF-\u03b1 at 30 min that peaked at 2 hr with a 400-fold increase and then precipitously declined 40-fold to a level still greater than zero at 3 hr. At 6 hr on the following morning, TNF-\u03b1 values were near zero, but following connection of tubing and withdrawal of the initial blood sample, there was a 100-fold increase 1 hr later, followed by a decline over the next 3 hr. In contrast, plasma [NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] from decapitated rats was 117 \u03bcM. Values at t0 were decreased and plummeted 4-fold within 30 min, then rose slightly in the ensuing 3 hr. At 6 hr on the next day [NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ] values were lower than at t0 and declined gradually during the next 4 hr. Leptin gradually declined from pre-operative concentrations, reaching a minimum at 3 hr and its concentration was unaffected by the bleeding stress of the second day. We conclude that release of TNF-\u03b1, [NO\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/NO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ], and leptin are neurally controlled since plasma levels of all three declined as a result of anesthesia. TNF-\u03b1 secretion was remarkably stress responsive, whereas NO release appeared to be suppressed by the combined operative and bleeding stress, and leptin was stress unresponsive.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122600405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T02:47:16Z","timestamp":1500518836000},"page":"296-300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparisons of the Effects of Anesthesia and Stress on Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, Leptin, and Nitric Oxide in Adult Male Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Claudio A.","family":"Mastronardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808\u20134124"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen H.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808\u20134124"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel M.","family":"McCann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808\u20134124"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-153537020122600405","first-page":"61","volume":"13","author":"Besedovsky HO","year":"1992","journal-title":"Front 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