{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:37:23Z","timestamp":1777873043598,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Previous studies have shown that the phytoestrogen, genistein, inhibits basal and forskolin-stimulated progesterone synthesis in rat granulosa-luteal cells. Genistein, however, not only binds and activates the estrogen receptor (ER), but is also a potent inhibitor of tyrosine kinase. In these studies we have compared the effects of estradiol, two other phytoestrogens, apigenin and coumarin, the pesticide, [2-(chlorphenyl)-2-(4-chlorphenyl)-1,1,1-trichlorethan] (2,4\u2032DDT), and the industrial chemical, 4-octyl-phenol, on basal and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-stimulated progesterone production in the same experimental system. Only a supraphysiological dose of estradiol (10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20135<\/jats:sup>\n                    M) significantly inhibited basal and forskolin-stimulated progesterone production in granulosa-luteal cells, but had no effect on FSH-stimulated production. In contrast, apigenin, DDT, and octyl-phenol stimulated basal progesterone production at doses around 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20138<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20137<\/jats:sup>\n                    M, but this effect was reversed at higher doses. Coumarin was without effect. Like basal production, the two phytoestrogens had opposing effects on FSH-stimulated progesterone production. Genistein at 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20135<\/jats:sup>\n                    M was inhibitory, while apigenin significantly potentiated the response at 19\n                    <jats:sup>\u20137<\/jats:sup>\n                    M. In contrast, DDT had no effect on the FSH-induced response, though 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20137<\/jats:sup>\n                    M octyl-phenol nearly doubled the response. While all these chemicals are known to interact with the estrogen receptor to a greater or lesser extent, these studies suggest that like genistein, these different endocrine-disrupting chemicals may have other actions apart from those on the estrogen receptor.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122600610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T03:36:06Z","timestamp":1500521766000},"page":"570-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Differing Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Basal and FSH-Stimulated Progesterone Production in Rat Granulosa-Luteal Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Hedieh","family":"Nejaty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United 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