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However, the precise mechanism of melittin in liver disease is not yet known. Apoptosis contributes to liver inflammation and fibrosis. Knowledge of the apoptotic mechanisms is important to develop new and effective therapies for treatment of cirrhosis. In the present study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic effect of melittin on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1\/actinomycin (Act) D-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Our results show significant protection from DNA damage by melittin treatment compared with corresponding TNF-\u03b1\/Act D-treated hepatocytes without melittin. Melittin inhibited TNF-\u03b1\/Act D-induced activation of the caspase, bcl-2 family of proteins and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)-1. Our results also indicate that melittin decreased nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) by degradation of phosphorylation of I\u03baB kinase (p-IKK) and NF-\u03baB DNA binding activity in TNF-\u03b1\/Act D-treated hepatocytes. These results suggest that melittin possesses a potent suppressive effect on apoptotic responses in TNF-\u03b1\/Act D-treated hepatocytes via the NF-\u03baB pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370214533880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T23:15:00Z","timestamp":1401318900000},"page":"1705-1714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Protective effects of melittin on tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 induced hepatic damage through suppression of apoptotic pathway and nuclear factor-kappa B activation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu, College of Medicine, Daegu 705\u2013718, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo-Ram","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu, College of Medicine, Daegu 705\u2013718, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University, College of Natural Science, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Mi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon 441\u2013100, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Chae","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu, College of Medicine, Daegu 705\u2013718, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwan-Kyu","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu, College of Medicine, Daegu 705\u2013718, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1535370214533880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2006.11.011"},{"key":"bibr2-1535370214533880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00384-3"},{"key":"bibr3-1535370214533880","first-page":"G583","volume":"290","author":"Schwabe RF","year":"2006","journal-title":"I. 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