{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:28:17Z","timestamp":1778693297056,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, encodes four accessory genes, one of which is viral protein U (Vpu). Recently, the study of Vpu has been of great interest. For instance, various cellular proteins are degraded (e.g. CD4) and down-modulated (e.g. tetherin) by Vpu. Vpu also antagonizes the function of tetherin and inhibits NF-\u03baB. Moreover, Vpu is a viroporin forming ion channels and may represent a promising target for anti-HIV-1 drugs. In this review, we summarize the domains\/residues that are responsible for Vpu\u2019s functions, describe the current understanding of the role of Vpu in HIV-1-infected cells, and review the effect of Vpu on HIV-1 in replication and pathogenesis. Future investigations that simultaneously assess a combination of Vpu functions are required to clearly delineate the most important functions for viral replication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Viral protein U (Vpu) is a unique protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and related lentiviruses, playing multiple roles in viral replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize the most up-to-date knowledge of HIV-1 Vpu.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217697384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T23:46:14Z","timestamp":1488325574000},"page":"850-858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Various plus unique: Viral protein U as a plurifunctional protein for HIV-1 replication"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"242","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Soper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Juarez-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Virology, Department of 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