{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:03:17Z","timestamp":1790787797770,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A major characteristic of immunodeficiency associated with life-threatening intracellular infection in adults is the presence of anti-interferon-\u03b3 antibodies. Although little is known about the mechanism underlying this syndrome, it is believed that the antibodies inhibit the activity of downstream signaling pathway of interferon-\u03b3. In this study, the characteristics of these antibodies in patients who presented, or have a history of, intracellular infection and were positive to anti-interferon-\u03b3 antibodies were investigated. The antibodies exhibited mainly the IgG1 and the IgG4 subtypes and recognized the C-terminal of the interferon-\u03b3 linear epitope containing the KRKR motif, which is required for the biological activity of interferon-\u03b3. The antibodies bound to recombinant interferon-\u03b3 with significantly lower avidity than antibodies to a recall antigen, tetanus toxoid, suggesting that the antibodies might have not undergone affinity maturation. The data from this study may provide fundamental information to better understand the properties of anti-interferon-\u03b3 antibodies, which can be useful for future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An increase in the number of immunodeficient patients related to autoantibodies to interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 has been observed particularly in East Asian adults. These patients are often presented with opportunistic infections caused by intracellular pathogens, including non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), Cryptococcus neoformans, Penicillium marneffei (now called Talaromyces marneffei), and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. The mortality rate for this syndrome is relatively high with 32% patients dying at the median time of 25 months after diagnosis. Characterization of these autoantibodies may promote better understanding of the syndrome, an emerging health problem affecting East Asia populations and impeding their welfare and economic development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370218764086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T08:23:08Z","timestamp":1520410988000},"page":"621-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Characterization of anti-interferon-\u03b3 antibodies in HIV-negative immunodeficient patients infected with unusual intracellular microorganisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"243","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2120-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiraprapa","family":"Wipasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romanee","family":"Chaiwarith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriangkrai","family":"Chawansuntati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutarat","family":"Praparattanapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kritsadee","family":"Rattanathammethee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50202, 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