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Emerging evidence suggests that it may have protective effects for retinal\/posterior segment diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), inherited retinal degeneration such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), and uveitis. Metformin exerts potent anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antioxidative effects on the retina in response to pathologic stressors. In this review, we highlight the broad mechanism of action of metformin through key preclinical studies on animal models and cell lines used to simulate human retinal disease. We then explore the sparse but promising retrospective clinical data on metformin\u2019s potential protective role in DR, AMD, POAG, and uveitis. Prospective clinical data is needed to clarify metformin\u2019s role in management of posterior segment disorders. However, given metformin\u2019s proven broad biochemical effects, favorable safety profile, relatively low cost, and promising data to date, it may represent a new therapeutic preventive and strategy for retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702211069986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T06:49:06Z","timestamp":1642834146000},"page":"317-329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Metformin and retinal diseases in preclinical and clinical studies: Insights and review of literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"247","author":[{"given":"Shivam V","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, 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