{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:13:11Z","timestamp":1777594391920,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Curr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:boxed-text orientation=\"portrait\" position=\"float\">\n                      <jats:p>\n                        <jats:bold>Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated With Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies: Defining a Distinct Epilepsy Syndrome<\/jats:bold>\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Rada A, Reisch LM, Hagemann A, Woermann FG, Bien CG.\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm<\/jats:italic>\n                        . 2025;12(4): e200422(1)-e200422(13). doi:\n                        <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200422\">10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200422<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                      <jats:p>Background and Objectives: Epilepsy associated with glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD-abs) often presents as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). However, detailed data on this condition are lacking. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that TLE with GAD-abs (GAD-TLE) is distinct from other forms of TLE and to describe the subgroup of patients with epilepsy and GAD-abs but no evidence of TLE. Methods: Inpatients from 2011 to 2022 with high serum GAD-abs (\u22651:80, confirmed by a cell-based assay and typical staining pattern on a tissue-based assay) were included. The control group comprised patients with mesial TLE (EMU-mTLE) with hippocampal sclerosis or nonlesional epilepsy diagnosed on the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) and having negative results on a broad panel of neural antibodies. Data were retrospectively collected from first admission (visit 1 [V1]) and most recent follow-up (visit 2 [V2]). Parameters included demographic data, comorbidities, seizure characteristics, electroencephalography findings, MRI results, verbal memory performance, GAD-ab titers (V1), therapies, seizure and memory outcomes, and occupational status (V2). Results: Of 81 GAD-ab\u2013positive patients, 71 (88%) had TLE. Compared with 40 EMU-mTLE controls, patients with GAD-TLE were more often female (84% vs 33%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), more frequently had autoimmune comorbidities (46% vs 2.5%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), musicogenic seizures (18% vs 0%, p\u2009=\u20090.004), and seizure clusters (25% vs 5%, p\u2009=\u20090.002) but less frequently had hippocampal sclerosis (25% vs 54%, p\u2009=\u20090.007). At follow-up (GAD-TLE: median 5 years; EMU-mTLE: 2 years), only 14% of patients with GAD-TLE were terminally seizure-free for \u22651 year, compared with 39% of patients with EMU-mTLE (p\u2009=\u20090.04). Verbal memory remained stable, and occupational status was unchanged. Ten GAD-ab\u2013positive cases without evidence of TLE were identified, including 3 with generalized features. Discussion: Epilepsy associated with GAD-abs predominantly manifests as TLE and as such is an epilepsy syndrome (GAD-TLE). In comparison with EMU-confirmed patients with mTLE without GAD-abs, the seizure outcome is inferior but the neuropsychological performance is usually normal and remains stable. A subset of patients with epilepsy with high-titer GAD-abs do not have TLE, some presenting with generalized features.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597251386752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T02:59:54Z","timestamp":1761274794000},"page":"28-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With GAD Antibodies\u2014Time to Give Up, or Time to Double Down?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Steriade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16571"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-025-01089-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200422"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac404"}],"container-title":["Epilepsy Currents"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15357597251386752","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15357597251386752","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15357597251386752","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T20:32:47Z","timestamp":1777408367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15357597251386752"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15357597251386752"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15357597251386752","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-7597","1535-7511"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-7597","type":"print"},{"value":"1535-7511","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}