{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:06:42Z","timestamp":1779188802680,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsy Curr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy disorders differ depending on sex, gender and hormonal status. This can change treatment efficacy and remains an understudied topic in epilepsy, despite several public health initiatives promoting the inclusion of female subjects in clinical and preclinical research over the last 40 years. Here, we summarize research presented at the 2025 American Epilepsy Meeting Scientific Symposium that described current knowledge in sex differences in epilepsy, including X chromosome-dependent and -independent genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and discussed how these advances may impact epilepsy management. The importance of considering sex, gender and hormones in epilepsy is increasingly acknowledged in basic, preclinical and clinical research. It is crucial to leverage this momentum into large-scale population research to better characterize the differences alongside detailed mechanistic studies that can ultimately lead to improved care for all individuals with epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/15357597261427892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T18:27:44Z","timestamp":1773253664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Scientific Symposium: Biological Sex as a Factor in Epilepsy Research and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6057-2527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Gross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3475-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Christian-Hinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P. Emanuela","family":"Voinescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Division of Women's Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital\u2014Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie M.","family":"Ziobro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9272-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judy S.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00797-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.119.017392"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Report of the public health service task force on women's health issues","volume":"100","author":"Women's health","year":"1985","unstructured":"Women's health. 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