{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:06:16Z","timestamp":1792512376602,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vasc Endovascular Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptomatic rectus muscle sheath hematoma may be the result of bleeding originating from the inferior epigastric artery. We report the technique and the results from a series of consecutive patients treated by transcatheter embolization, evaluating both ipsilateral and contralateral retrograde approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective study including patients with verified rectus muscle sheath hematoma as a result of active extravasation from the inferior epigastric artery referred for transcatheter embolization. Technical success, clinical success and major complications were calculated. In addition, minor complications, blood transfusions required after a technically successful embolization, length of stay, peri-procedural and 30-day mortality and overall survival at 6 months were obtained. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one patients (mean age = 59.67 \u00b1 19.51 years old) were included. The cause of the bleeding in the vast majority was iatrogenic trauma (n = 12\/21, 57.14%). Both contralateral (n = 12\/21, 57.14%%) and ipsilateral (n = 9\/21, 42.86%) retrograde approaches were used. Embolic materials included micro-coils (n = 13\/20, 65%), microspheres (PVA) (n = 1\/20, 5%), a combination of PVA and micro-coils (n = 5\/20, 25%) and gel-foam (n = 1\/20, 5%). Overall technical success was 95.2% (n = 20\/21) while clinical success was achieved in all but one of the technically successful cases 95% (n = 19\/20). One patient died peri-procedurally due to profound hemodynamic shock. There were no other major complications. Additional transfusion was necessary in 7 patients (n = 7\/21, 33.33%). There was a significant increase in the hemoglobin levels after the embolization (7.03 \u00b1 1.78 g\/dL pre-procedure Vs 10.91 \u00b1 1.7 g\/dL post-procedure, p = 0.048). The median hospital stay was 8 days. The peri-procedure and 30-day mortality was 4.8% (n = 1\/21) and 28.6% (n = 6\/21) respectively. The 6-month survival was 61.9% (13\/21).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous embolization of the inferior epigastric artery is a minimally invasive method with satisfactory results. Both ipsilateral and contralateral retrograde approaches are feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1538574420980576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T08:55:30Z","timestamp":1607936130000},"page":"221-227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Transcatheter Embolization of the Inferior Epigastric Artery: Technique and Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Diamantopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Trust, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College London, London, 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Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayan","family":"Karunanithy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Trust, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Sabharwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Guy\u2019s and St. Thomas\u2019 NHS Trust, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital, London, 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