{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:08:11Z","timestamp":1793689691545,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","award":["1402.1.4.25341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1402.1.4.25341"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03w04rv71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      Dermatophytosis is a global infection with increasing reports of resistance among its causative agents in recent years. As a result of this issue, new therapeutic options are needed. The calcineurin\u2013calmodulin pathway is critical for fungi. Inhibitors of this pathway, such as tacrolimus in combination with antifungal drugs, may serve as alternative treatments. Nanoformulation is another method to address challenges in dermatophytosis treatment. Thirty dermatophyte isolates were included in this study. Antidermatophyte activities of terbinafine, itraconazole, posaconazole, nanoposaconazole, and tacrolimus were investigated using the third edition of the CLSIM38 protocol.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      interactions between tacrolimus and the antifungal drugs were studied using a checkerboard method. The isolates included\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 14),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton tonsurans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichophyton interdigitale<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 6), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Microsporum canis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1). Tacrolimus demonstrated moderate inhibitory effects against all species. Itraconazole had the strongest activity; however, based on EUCAST epidemiological cutoff values, one\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolate was non-wildtype to this drug. Additionally, 10 out of 14 (71.42%) isolates of this species were non-wild type to terbinafine. Nanoposaconazole showed superior antifungal activity compared to posaconazole. Regarding drug combinations, the highest and lowest synergistic rates were observed for combinations of tacrolimus with nanoposaconazole (15\/30, 50%) and itraconazole (4\/30, 13.33%), respectively. The high rate of non-wildtype\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. indotineae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates to terbinafine underscores the necessity of precise identification to prevent treatment failure. Itraconazole proved to be the most effective antifungal. Combining tacrolimus with antifungal drugs, particularly nanoposaconazole, shows promise and warrants further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1540658x261480271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:04:15Z","timestamp":1787551455000},"page":"640-646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Interaction of Tacrolimus (FK506) with Conventional and Nanoformulated Antifungal Drugs Against Clinical Dermatophyte Isolates Including\n                    <i>Trichophyton indotineae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Reihaneh","family":"Seiad Ahmadnezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Farahyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."},{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bita","family":"Mehravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Roudbary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8844-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Ghazi Mirsaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Soleymanzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.FUNK-0049-2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9100-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof2010004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-008-9109-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-023-00665-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00455-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010795"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7110983"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01302-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.4208-4209.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2024.2390629"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"608","article-title":"Effect of fluconazole and terbinafine nanoparticles on the treatment of dermatophytosis induced by Trichophyton mentagrophytes in guinea pig","volume":"13","author":"Lalvand M","year":"2021","unstructured":"14.Lalvand M, , Hashemi SJ, , Bayat M. Effect of fluconazole and terbinafine nanoparticles on the treatment of dermatophytosis induced by Trichophyton mentagrophytes in guinea pig. Iran J Microbiol 2021;13(5):608\u2013616.","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"1970","article-title":"In-vitro activity of Nano fluconazole and conventional fluconazole against clinically important dermatophytes","volume":"49","author":"Musavi Bafrui N","year":"2020","unstructured":"15.Musavi Bafrui N, , Hashemi Hazaveh SJ, , Bayat M. In-vitro activity of Nano fluconazole and conventional fluconazole against clinically important dermatophytes. Iran J Public Health 2020;49(10):1970\u20131976.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbr.2014.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683821090064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001354"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Tacrolimus interacts with voriconazole to reduce the severity of fungal keratitis by suppressing IFN-related inflammatory responses and concomitant FK506 and voriconazole treatment suppresses fungal keratitis","volume":"24","author":"Zhong J","year":"2018","unstructured":"22.Zhong J, , Peng L, , Wang B, et al. Tacrolimus interacts with voriconazole to reduce the severity of fungal keratitis by suppressing IFN-related inflammatory responses and concomitant FK506 and voriconazole treatment suppresses fungal keratitis. Mol Vis 2018;24:187\u2013200.","journal-title":"Mol Vis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1567-1364.12163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00492-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3314\/mmj.20-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-024-00197-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13530"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myu033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","article-title":"Design and synthesis of nanocarriers containing posaconazole against etiological agents of mucormycosis","author":"Panahi P","year":"2025","unstructured":"30.Panahi P, , Pourdakan O, , Zarrinnahad H, et al. Design and synthesis of nanocarriers containing posaconazole against etiological agents of mucormycosis. bioRxiv 2025.","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","volume-title":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","author":"Wayne P","year":"2018","unstructured":"31.Wayne P. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. In: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), 3rd ed. Allured Publishing Corporation United States: IL, USA; 2018.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","unstructured":"32.Testing TECoAS. Overview of antifungal ECOFFs and clinical breakpoints for yeasts moulds and dermatophytes using the EUCAST E.Def 7.4 E.Def 9.4 and E.Def 11.0 procedures. 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67421-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.960190"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0056223","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00562-23","article-title":"Terbinafine-resistant dermatophytes and the presence of Trichophyton indotineae in North America","volume":"61","author":"Ca\u00f1ete-Gibas CF","year":"2023","unstructured":"36.Ca\u00f1ete-Gibas CF, , Mele J, , Patterson HP, et al. Terbinafine-resistant dermatophytes and the presence of Trichophyton indotineae in North America. J Clin Microbiol 2023;61(8):e0056223.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7060419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13666"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3317-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.20251259"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124938"}],"container-title":["ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1540658X261480271","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1540658X261480271","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1540658X261480271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T07:16:31Z","timestamp":1792912591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1540658X261480271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1540658X261480271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1540658x261480271","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-658X","1557-8127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-658X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8127","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]}}}