{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:14:38Z","timestamp":1787019278731,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Maimonides Research and Development Foundation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unequal treatment of patients based on race or ethnicity still exists in reproductive health. One possible reason is clinician bias. While explicit bias has been studied in relation to contraception, the influence of a clinician\u2019s implicit bias on contraceptive recommendations has not been examined. We sought to assess the degree of implicit racial bias among reproductive health clinicians and to determine whether bias correlates with recommendations for contraception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians were approached in-person at multiple hospitals in New York City and one national conference over a 7-month period. The computer-based study included a demographic survey, clinical vignettes about contraception, and a racial Implicit Association Test. The clinical vignettes were randomized 1:1 to describe either all white patients or all Black patients for each provider. We assessed the likelihood that patient race would factor into contraceptive counseling, looking separately at white and Black clinicians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 500 clinicians invited to participate, 426 completed the survey and were analyzed. They were mostly non-Hispanic, white female attending physicians working in urban areas. White clinicians showed a pro-white bias (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), while Black clinicians did not show racial bias in either direction (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.637). White clinicians with pro-white bias were significantly more likely to recommend sterilization to Black patients than to white patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Implicit racial bias differed based on clinician race, and contraceptive recommendations differed based on their level of bias. It is important for all reproductive health professionals to understand their own implicit bias and how it may affect their contraceptive counseling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15409996251360908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1759856753000},"page":"1339-1345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinician Implicit Racial Bias and Contraceptive Counseling in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Morrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Rosenblum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Joslin-Roher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Minkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","author":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","year":"2003","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. National Academies Press: Washington, DC; 2003."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Guarding against coercion while ensuring access: A delicate balance","volume":"17","author":"Gold R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gold R. Guarding against coercion while ensuring access: A delicate balance. Guttmacher Policy Review, 2014; 17(3).","journal-title":"Guttmacher Policy Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Medical Bondage: Race, Gender and the Origins of American Gynecology","author":"Cooper Owens D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cooper Owens D. Medical Bondage: Race, Gender and the Origins of American Gynecology. University of Georgia Press: Athens, GA; 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2021.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.092585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(99)00338-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860605274520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3365-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0022-3514.74.6.1464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen JE","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cohen JE. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: Hillsdale, NJ; 1998."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Implicit Measures of Attitudes","author":"Lane KA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lane KA, , Banaji MR, , Nosek BA, et al. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV: What we know (so far) about the method. In: Implicit Measures of Attitudes. (Wittenbrink B, , Schwarz N, eds) The Guilford Press; New York, NY; 2007, pp. 59\u2013102."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","volume-title":"Killing the Black Body","author":"Roberts D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Roberts D. Killing the Black Body. Vintage Books: New York, NY; 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1506575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Family Planning. In Healthy People 2030. Available from: https:\/\/health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/family-planning"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"The Obstetrician-Gynecologist Workforce in the United States: Facts, Figures, and Implications, 2017","author":"Rayburn WF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rayburn WF. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. In: The Obstetrician-Gynecologist Workforce in the United States: Facts, Figures, and Implications, 2017. American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Washington, DC; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.05.021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15409996251360908","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15409996251360908","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15409996251360908","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T05:32:32Z","timestamp":1778909552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15409996251360908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15409996251360908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15409996251360908","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-9996","1931-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-9996","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}