{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T06:08:49Z","timestamp":1778911729656,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine prospective associations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test positivity, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) symptom severity, and COVID-2019 hospitalization with incident clinical diabetes among aging women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort study was conducted using data from 34,405 eligible Women\u2019s Health Initiative participants who completed \u22651 COVID-2019 surveys (Survey 1: June\u2013December 2020; Survey 2: June 2021\u2013February 2022) and were followed up for an average of 1.86 (\u00b10.49) years, yielding 399 incident diabetes cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 test positivity was associated with diabetes risk in the age-adjusted Cox regression model (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10, 2.82), but not when fully adjusted (HR = 1.43, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.31). Diabetes risk was higher among those with 1\u20132 COVID-19 symptoms (HR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.77) and those with 3\u00b1 COVID-2019 symptoms (HR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.22) compared with those without COVID-2019 symptoms in fully-adjusted models, irrespective of self-reported SARS-CoV-2 testing. COVID-2019 hospitalization was associated with 2\u20133 times the risk of clinical diabetes in age-adjusted (HR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.52, 5.72) and fully-adjusted (HR = 1.90, 95% CI: 0.97, 3.72) models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-adjusted self-reported SARS-CoV-2 test positivity was associated with a higher incidence of diabetes. Reporting of COVID-2019 symptoms and being hospitalized for COVID-2019 were each associated with higher incidence of diabetes in aging women, after controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15409996251369820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:05:53Z","timestamp":1759856753000},"page":"1416-1425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Positivity, Indicators of COVID-19 Severity, COVID-19 Hospitalization, and Diabetes Risk in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Hind A.","family":"Beydoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JoAnn E.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"May A.","family":"Beydoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aladdin H.","family":"Shadyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Yon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Translational Sciences Section, School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Joe C. 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