{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:49:10Z","timestamp":1787748550574,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore variations in postpartum contraception in the United States by race and ethnicity among patients receiving publicly versus privately funded health care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed Phase 8 (2016\u20132021) Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data using multivariate logistic regression models with interaction terms to examine relationships between maternal race and ethnicity, health insurance, and postpartum contraceptive use, controlling for maternal age, education, marital status, parity, prepregnancy depression, and whether ever breastfed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of U.S. birthing individuals, 60.3% had privately funded births and 39.7% had publicly funded births. Tubal sterilization was more common after publicly funded than privately funded births (13.3% versus 7.0%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Among postpartum patients with private insurance, tubal sterilization was more common among Black (10.6%) and Hispanic\/Latine (9.6%) than White (6.4%) birthing people. However, with publicly funded insurance, tubal sterilization was less common among Black (12.3%) and Hispanic\/Latine (13.7%) than White birthing people (14.6%). After publicly funded births, implant use (8.9% versus 2.8%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and injectable contraception (11.4% versus 2.7%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) were more common, whereas reliance on vasectomy was less common (2.1% versus 5.5%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) than after privately funded births, for all racial\/ethnic groups. Intrauterine device (IUD) use was less common with public than private insurance among Black birthing people (11.9% versus 16.0%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Significant interactions between race and ethnicity and insurance type were observed. Adjusted odds ratios indicated that, compared with private insurance, public insurance was associated with higher odds of tubal sterilization, implant, and injectable use but lower odds of vasectomy for White individuals; higher implant and DMPA use but lower IUD and vasectomy use for Black individuals; and higher tubal sterilization, IUD, and implant use but lower vasectomy use for Hispanic\/Latine individuals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Racial and ethnic variation in postpartum contraception use differs for publicly and privately insured births in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15409996251403450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T15:27:42Z","timestamp":1764775662000},"page":"358-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Health Insurance and Racial and Ethnic Differences in Postpartum Contraception in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Amy Yunyu","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Begna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Leon-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Treder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor Bimla","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Why family planning policy and practice must guarantee a true choice of contraceptive methods","author":"Sonfield A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sonfield A. Why family planning policy and practice must guarantee a true choice of contraceptive methods. In Guttmacher Policy Review), 2017:103\u2013108.","journal-title":"In Guttmacher Policy Review)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Obstetricians A. C. o.; Gynecologists. Permanent contraception: Ethical issues and considerations: ACOG Committee Statement No. 8. 143."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2023.00580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.01835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2023.0643"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.1359"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2022.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01162-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000005328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2011.0144"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000004224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xagr.2021.100030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.10.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2022.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.1405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000005130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057251325977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000004692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/4317311"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Carr L. Provider bias in contraceptive counseling. 2022;doi."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2024.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","article-title":"Contraception in the United States: A closer look at experiences, preferences, and coverage","volume":"3","author":"Frederiksen B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frederiksen B, , Ranji U, , Long M, et al. Contraception in the United States: A closer look at experiences, preferences, and coverage. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2022; 3.","journal-title":"Kaiser Family Foundation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000003728"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.07.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2018.304563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3909007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conx.2022.100076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.0976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2022.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21695067231192873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2009.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211003232"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2021.11.009"}],"container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/15409996251403450","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15409996251403450","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/15409996251403450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T07:50:56Z","timestamp":1787125856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/15409996251403450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/15409996251403450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15409996251403450","relation":{},"ISSN":["1540-9996","1931-843X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1540-9996","type":"print"},{"value":"1931-843X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]}}}