{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T08:26:02Z","timestamp":1787127962704,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Women's Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Late and inadequate prenatal care (PNC) increases risk of poor birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and risk of prematurity. There remain persistent maternal and infant racial and socioeconomic disparities and inequities in PNC initiation and adequacy of PNC in Virginia. The objective of this study is to describe sociodemographic factors associated with initiation of PNC and adequacy of PNC and birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cross-sectional study using secondary analysis of 2016\u20132020 Virginia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System was performed (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 4,516). The outcomes of interest included initiation of PNC in the first trimester, adequacy of PNC, and birth outcomes. Sociodemographic variables included age, race\/ethnicity, education, insurance, and maternal education. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regressions were performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Race\/ethnicity, income, education, and insurance had significant association with initiation of PNC in the first trimester. Non-Hispanic Black women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.634; 95% CI: 0.45\u20130.90) and Hispanic women (aOR = 0.602; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42\u20130.87) were less likely to have adequate PNC compared with non-Hispanic White women. Those who were over age 35 had higher odds of preterm birth compared with those aged 25\u201334 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.07\u20132.32). Non-Hispanic Black mothers had higher odds of low birth weight compared with non-Hispanic White mothers (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.27\u20133.45).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the opportunity to provide PNC for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black women, women with low income and low education. Results will lead to the identification of strategic partnerships across disciplines and agencies to address gaps in services for these subpopulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/15409996251407943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T12:25:37Z","timestamp":1768393537000},"page":"594-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors Related to Early Initiation and Adequate Prenatal Care in Virginia: A 5-Year Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Priyadarshini","family":"Pattath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenesha F.","family":"Smith Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.4.306"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. Reproductive Health. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/reproductivehealth\/maternal-mortality\/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm [Last accessed: March20 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/9781581107715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.11.017"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infant mortality in the United States, 2017: Data from the period linked birth\/infant death file","volume":"68","author":"Ely DM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ely DM, , Driscoll AK. Infant mortality in the United States, 2017: Data from the period linked birth\/infant death file. Natl Vital Stat Rep, 2019; 68(10):1\u201320.","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2003-1150-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0485-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6807"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Timing and adequacy of prenatal care in the United States, 2016","volume":"67","author":"Osterman MJK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Osterman MJK, , Martin JA. Timing and adequacy of prenatal care in the United States, 2016. Natl Vital Stat Rep, 2018; 67(3):1\u201314.","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0204-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1316439"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1103-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21398"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Virginia Department of Health. 2010. Available from: https:\/\/apps.vdh.virginia.gov\/HealthStats\/stats.htm [Last accessed: March20 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Kids Count Data Center. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/datacenter.aecf.org\/data\/tables\/3252-low-birthweight-babies#detailed\/2\/any\/false\/574 1729 37 871 870 573 869 36 868 867\/any\/12515 6708 [Last accessed: March20 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"March of Dimes. Nowhere to go: Maternity care deserts across the U.S. 2020 Report. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.marchofdimes.org\/materials\/2020_Annual_Report_Financials.pdf [Last accessed: March20 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Virginia Department of Health. (2025). Maternal & child health. Available from: https:\/\/www.vdh.virginia.gov\/data\/maternal-child-health\/ [Last accessed: March20 2025]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12400"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-00995-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03232-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Virginia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System [Unpublished raw data].","author":"Virginia Division of Population Health Data","year":"2020","unstructured":"Virginia Division of Population Health Data. 2020. Virginia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System [Unpublished raw data]. Virginia Department of Health."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. What is PRAMS? Retrieved from. 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Black and immigrant: Exploring the effects of ethnicity and foreign-born status on infant health in Young Children of Black Immigrants in America: Changing Flows, Changing Faces. 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