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Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an amphiphilic molecule from Gram-positive bacteria that has been associated with the pathogenesis of pulpitis. To investigate if LTA regulates expression of VEGF, we exposed mouse odontoblast-like cells (MDPC-23), undifferentiated pulp cells (OD-21), fibroblasts, or macrophages to streptococcal LTA, and evaluated VEGF expression by ELISA and RT-PCR. LTA induced up to a nine-fold increase in VEGF protein expression in macrophages, a 2.4-fold increase in MDPC-23, and a 1.6-fold increase in OD-21 as compared with controls. In contrast, LTA did not induce VEGF expression in fibroblasts. VEGF mRNA expression remained constant upon exposure to LTA, which suggests that VEGF regulation in these cells is primarily post-transcriptional. This work constitutes the first demonstration that lipoteichoic acid is sufficient to induce expression of a pro-angiogenic factor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308200612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"466-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Lipoteichoic Acid Up-regulates VEGF Expression in Macrophages and Pulp Cells"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"P.D.S.","family":"Telles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, and"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine, Pathology, and Oncology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. 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