{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:29:30Z","timestamp":1790472570118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]],"date-time":"2004-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cigarette smoking is both a strong and common risk factor for chronic periodontitis. It is a multi-dimensional exposure that is difficult to model accurately. We propose a new comprehensive smoking index (CSI) that accounts for intensity, duration, and recency of smoking and allows for estimation of the half-life of the smoking effect. Using NHANES III data from 12,623 subjects aged 20+ yrs, we compared the performance of the CSI with that of various conventional approaches using multiple logistic regression models of chronic periodontitis. The estimate of the smoking effect\u2019s half-life was 1.5 yrs (95% CI, 0.5\u20132.5 yrs). Use of the new index resulted in best model fit and the highest Wald statistic for the smoking effect on chronic periodontitis. The results suggest that use of the CSI may be a more comprehensive, efficient, and parsimonious approach to the modeling of smoking history in periodontal research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"859-863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["A Comprehensive Index for the Modeling of Smoking History in                     Periodontal Research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Th.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human\r                    Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany;"},{"name":"Dept. of Periodontology and"},{"name":"Dept. of Oral Surgery, Charit\u00e9, Humboldt University\r                    of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and"},{"name":"Dept. of Health Policy & Health Services Research, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 715 Albany St., 560 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human\r                    Nutrition, Nuthetal, Germany;"},{"name":"Dept. of Periodontology and"},{"name":"Dept. of Oral Surgery, Charit\u00e9, Humboldt University\r                    of Berlin, Berlin, Germany; and"},{"name":"Dept. of Health Policy & Health Services Research, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 715 Albany St., 560 3rd floor, Boston, MA 02118, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BERGSTROM-AND-BOSTROM-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028007680.x"},{"key":"BRENNER-AND-BLETTNER-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00014"},{"key":"CONCATO-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00510-2"},{"key":"DIETRICH-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dietrich T, Bernimoulin J-P, Glynn RJ\n                        -2004- The effect of smoking on gingival bleeding. 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