{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:34:41Z","timestamp":1791023681613,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]],"date-time":"2005-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1128124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fluoride (F) has been a useful instrument in caries prevention. However, only limted data exist on the effect of its long-term use on dentin mineralization patterns and microhardness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of tooth F concentration ([F]) and dental fluorosis (DF) severity on dentin microhardness and mineralization. We collected 137 teeth in Montreal and Toronto, Canada, and Fortaleza, Brazil, where optimum or suboptimum levels of water F were 0.2 ppm, 1 ppm, and 0.7 ppm, respectively. Teeth were analyzed for DF severity, dentin [F], enamel [F], dentin microhardness, and dentin mineralization. Dentin [F] correlated with DF severity; enamel [F] correlated with dentin microhardness and dentin mineralization; DF severity correlated with dentin microhardness. Genetic factors ( e.g., DF severity) and environmental factors ( e.g., tooth [F]) influenced the mechanical properties (microhardness) of the teeth, while only the environmental factors influenced their material properties ( e.g., mineralization). Fortaleza teeth were harder and less mineralized and presented higher dentin [F] values. Montreal teeth presented lower levels of DF when compared with both Toronto and Fortaleza teeth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"951-957","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["How Does Fluoride Affect Dentin Microhardness and Mineralization?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 840, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital; and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 840, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital; and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Dumitriu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 840, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital; and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 840, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital; and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Limeback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 840, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital; and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Grynpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 840, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto;"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital; and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BAI-1994","unstructured":"Bai L (1994). Microhardness of normal and rachitic teeth (MSc thesis). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto."},{"key":"BUTLER-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.12.1408"},{"key":"CALLISTER-1994","unstructured":"Callister WD (1994). Mechanical properties of metals. In: Materials science and engineering, an introduction. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 106\u2013147."},{"key":"CLARK-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01832.x"},{"key":"DENBESTEN-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080010201"},{"key":"EVERETT-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0810794"},{"key":"FEJERSKOV-ETAL-1988","unstructured":"Fejerskov O, Manji F, Baelum V, Moller IJ (1988). Dental fluorosis: a handbook for health workers. Copenhagen: Munksgaard."},{"key":"GRYNPAS-ETAL-1994","unstructured":"Grynpas MD, Holmyard DP, Pritzker KPH (1994). Bone mineralization and histomorphometry in biopsies of osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. Scanning Microsc Inter 4:287\u2013297."},{"key":"LIMEBACK-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345920710020101"},{"key":"MASCARENHAS-2000","unstructured":"Mascarenhas AK (2000). Risk factors for dental fluorosis: a review of the recent literature. Pediatr Dent 22:269\u2013277."},{"key":"MERNAGH-ETAL-1977","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-708X(77)90040-0"},{"key":"MURRAY-ETAL-1991","unstructured":"Murray JJ, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Jenkins GN (1991). Fluoride in caries prevention. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd."},{"key":"NATIONAL-RESEARCH-COUNCIL-1993","unstructured":"National Research Council (1993). Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press."},{"key":"OLSEN-AND-JOHANSEN-1978","unstructured":"Olsen T, Johansen E (1978). Fluoride content of human fluorosed enamel (abstract). J Dent Res 57:281."},{"key":"PENDRYS-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2000.0273"},{"key":"RICHARDS-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374890030021301"},{"key":"RICHARDS-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000261463"},{"key":"ROBINSON-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077766"},{"key":"RUSSELL-1962","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1962.0307"},{"key":"STREINER-AND-NORMAN-2000","unstructured":"Streiner DL, Norman GR (2000). Simple regression and correlation. In: Biostatistics: the bare essentials. Norman GR, Streiner DL, editors. Hamilton\/London, ON, Canada: BC Decker, pp. 118\u2013126."},{"key":"TEN-CATE-1994","unstructured":"Ten Cate AR (1994). Oral histology: development, structure, and function. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby."},{"key":"THYLSTRUP-AND-FEJERSKOV-1978","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1978.tb01173.x"},{"key":"VIEIRA-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910308201112"},{"key":"VIEIRA-ETAL-2004A","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira AP, Hancock R, Maia R, Limeback H, Grynpas MD (2004a). Is fluoride concentration in dentin and enamel a good indicator of dental fluorosis? J Dent Res 83:76\u201380.","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408300115"},{"key":"VIEIRA-ETAL-2004B","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vieira AP, Hancock R, Eggertsson H, Everett ET, Grynpas MD (2004b). Tooth quality in dental fluorosis: genetic and environmental factors. Calcif Tissue Int 76:17\u201329.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-004-0075-3"},{"key":"VIEIRA-ETAL-2005","unstructured":"Vieira APGF, Hancock R, Dumitriu M, Limeback H, Grynpas M (2005). Fluoride\u2019s effect on the mechanical and structural properties of human dentin. Eur J Oral Sci (submitted)."},{"key":"WESTBROOK-AND-CONRAD-1973","unstructured":"Westbrook JH, Conrad H (1973). The science of hardness and its research applications. Metals Park, OH: American Society for Metals."},{"key":"WHITFORD-1996","unstructured":"Whitford GM (1996). The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride. 2nd ed. Monographs in oral science. Karger."},{"key":"WHO-EXPERT-COMMITTEE-ON-ORAL-HEALTH-STATUS-AND-FLUORIDE-U-1994","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use (1994). Fluorides and oral health. WHO Technical Report Series. Vol. 846. Geneva: World Health Organization, pp. 1\u201337."},{"key":"WILLIAMS-AND-ZWEMER-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1990.tb02135.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/154405910508401015","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/154405910508401015","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/154405910508401015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:01:28Z","timestamp":1777496488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/154405910508401015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/154405910508401015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910508401015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}}}