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Clock-related genes\u2014including Per1, Per2, Cry1, Bmal1, Dec1, Dec2, Dbp, and Reverb\u03b1\u2014showed robust circadian expression rhythms in the submandibular glands in 12:12-hour light-dark conditions. In addition, a robust circadian rhythm was observed in amylase 1 mRNA levels, whereas the expression of other salivary-gland-characteristic genes examined was not rhythmic. The Clock mutation resulted in increased or decreased mRNA levels of Per2, Bmal1, Dec1, Dec2, and Dbp, and in Cry1\u2212 \/\u2212 background, Cry2 disruption also increased or decreased mRNA levels of these clock-related genes and the amylase 1 gene. These findings indicate that the Clock- and Cry-dependent molecular clock system is active in the salivary glands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"1193-1197","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Clock Gene Expression in the Submandibular Glands"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, and"},{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; and"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Kawamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental and Medical Biochemistry, and"},{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; 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