{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:44:39Z","timestamp":1791067479817,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]],"date-time":"2006-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1149120000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Dent Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent findings have indicated that immune responses are subjected to modulation by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Moreover, the findings show that the SNS inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The present review is an attempt to summarize the current results on how the SNS affects inflammation in dental tissues. In dental tissues, it has been found that the SNS is significant for recruitment of inflammatory cells such as CD 43+ granulocytes. Sympathetic nerves appear to have an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts, odontoclasts, and on IL-1\u03b1 production. The SNS stimulates reparative dentin production, since reparative dentin formation was reduced after sympathectomy. Sprouting of sympathetic nerve fibers occurs in chronically inflamed dental pulp, and neural imbalance caused by unilateral sympathectomy recruits immunoglobulin-producing cells to the dental pulp. In conclusion, this article presents evidence in support of interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and dental inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"488-495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Modulation of Dental Inflammation by the Sympathetic Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"S.R.","family":"Haug","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Section for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.J.","family":"Heyeraas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Section for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5009, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ABRASS-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.2.1338"},{"key":"AHMED-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(94)90063-9"},{"key":"ALANIZ-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2274"},{"key":"ANNEROTH-AND-NORBERG-1968","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356809004581"},{"key":"AVERY-ETAL-1974","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(74)90069-7"},{"key":"BAUMANN-ETAL-1976","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(76)90281-4"},{"key":"BEDOUI-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00424-1"},{"key":"BEDOUI-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.08.005"},{"key":"BENSCHOP-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1996.0009"},{"key":"BESEDOVSKY-ETAL-1979","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(79)90129-1"},{"key":"BJURHOLM-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00186871"},{"key":"BJURHOLM-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(88)90016-1"},{"key":"BLETSA-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000080148"},{"key":"BONGENHIELM-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00064-0"},{"key":"BYERS-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81568-2"},{"key":"BYERS-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10291"},{"key":"CARTER-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.51.6.597"},{"key":"CASASCO-ETAL-1995","unstructured":"Casasco A, Frattini P, Casasco M, Santagostino G, Springall DR, Kuhn DM,\n                      et al.\n                      (1995). Catecholamines in human dental pulp. A combined immunohistochemical and chromatographic study. Eur J Histochem 39:133\u2013140."},{"key":"CHELMICKA-SCHORR-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(88)90125-7"},{"key":"CHERRUAU-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(99)00211-2"},{"key":"CHRISTENSEN-1940","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345400190030301"},{"key":"CSILLAG-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350410010045"},{"key":"DE-LUIGI-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00381-3"},{"key":"DEL-REY-ETAL-1981","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(81)90012-5"},{"key":"DOWNING-AND-MIYAN-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01635-2"},{"key":"DUMONT-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(92)90038-G"},{"key":"EDWALL-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07714.x"},{"key":"EKBLAD-ETAL-1984","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(84)90064-8"},{"key":"ELENKOV-AND-CHROUSOS-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(99)00188-5"},{"key":"ELENKOV-ETAL-2000","unstructured":"Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP, Vizi ES (2000). The sympathetic nerve\u2014an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol Rev 52:595\u2013638."},{"key":"FEHER-ETAL-1977","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(77)90100-5"},{"key":"FELTEN-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten DL, Felten SY, Bellinger DL, Lorton D (1992). Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of secondary lymphoid organs: role in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Clin Invest 22(Suppl 1):37\u201341.","DOI":"10.1159\/000319434"},{"key":"FELTEN-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten SY, Felten DL, Bellinger DL, Carlson SL, Ackerman KD, Madden KS,\n                      et al.\n                      (1988). Noradrenergic sympathetic innervation of lymphoid organs. Prog Allergy 43:14\u201336.","DOI":"10.1159\/000318725"},{"key":"FRIED-1992","unstructured":"Fried K (1992). Changes in pulpal nerves with aging. Proc Finn Dent Soc 88(Suppl 1):517\u2013528."},{"key":"FRIED-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90533-1"},{"key":"FRISTAD-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/43.9.7543913"},{"key":"FRISTAD-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0197"},{"key":"GONZALEZ-ARIKI-AND-HUSBAND-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00056-7"},{"key":"GRONEBERG-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2004.04.003"},{"key":"HADDEN-ETAL-1970","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(70)90024-9"},{"key":"HARLE-ETAL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20987"},{"key":"HASKO-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(97)00337-7"},{"key":"HAUG-2003","unstructured":"Haug SR (2003). Sympathetic innervation and dental inflammation: in vivo studies in rats (dissertation). Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen."},{"key":"HAUG-AND-HEYERAAS-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00269-0"},{"key":"HAUG-AND-HEYERAAS-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.08.016"},{"key":"HAUG-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7642"},{"key":"HAUG-ETAL-2003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-003-0753-x"},{"key":"HELME-AND-ANDREWS-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490130311"},{"key":"HERSKOVITS-AND-SINGH-1984","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000145910"},{"key":"HEYERAAS-ETAL-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359309040569"},{"key":"HILL-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90094-5"},{"key":"JIANG-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.2.992"},{"key":"JONTELL-ETAL-1987","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345870660061101"},{"key":"JONTELL-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411980090020301"},{"key":"KAWASHIMA-AND-STASHENKO-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(98)00094-6"},{"key":"KHALIL-AND-HELME-1989","unstructured":"Khalil Z, Helme RD (1989). Sympathetic neurons modulate plasma extravasation in the rat through a non-adrenergic mechanism. Clin Exp Neurol 26:45\u201350."},{"key":"KIM-AND-POMERANZ-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00391-X"},{"key":"KIM-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.1998.60305.x"},{"key":"KIM-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002203458506400415"},{"key":"KOMOROWSKI-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(96)80242-1"},{"key":"KOSTRZEWA-AND-JACOBOWITZ-1974","unstructured":"Kostrzewa RM, Jacobowitz DM (1974). Pharmacological actions of 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharmacol Rev 26:199\u2013288."},{"key":"KRUSZEWSKA-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.10.4613"},{"key":"LADIZESKY-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1838(99)00067-3"},{"key":"LEVINE-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.2.843"},{"key":"LORTON-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00150-6"},{"key":"LUNDBERG-ETAL-1982","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07171.x"},{"key":"LUNDBERG-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1989.tb11868.x"},{"key":"LUTHMAN-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(92)90089-Q"},{"key":"MADDEN-ETAL-1989","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-1591(89)90007-X"},{"key":"MADDEN-ETAL-1994A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90182-1"},{"key":"MADDEN-ETAL-1994B","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90183-X"},{"key":"MADDEN-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.35.040195.002221"},{"key":"MANGKORNKARN-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81607-9"},{"key":"MARFURT-ETAL-1986","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91322-3"},{"key":"MATHISON-ETAL-1994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathison R, Carter L, Mowat C, Bissonnette E, Davison JS, Befus AD (1994). Temporal analysis of the anti-inflammatory effects of decentralization of the rat superior cervical ganglia. Am J Physiol 266(5 Pt 2):R1537\u2013R1543.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1994.266.5.R1537"},{"key":"MATTHEWS-AND-ROBINSON-1980","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013294"},{"key":"NAGATOMI-ETAL-2000","unstructured":"Nagatomi R, Kaifu T, Okutsu M, Zhang X, Kanemi O, Ohmori H (2000). Modulation of the immune system by the autonomic nervous system and its implication in immunological changes after training. Exerc Immunol Rev 6:54\u201374."},{"key":"NOGA-AND-HOLLAND-1983","unstructured":"Noga BR, Holland GR (1983). Sympathetic innervation at the apex of the cat\u2019s canine tooth\u2014a quantitative analysis. Anat Anz 153:137\u2013148."},{"key":"NOREVALL-AND-FORSGREN-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/npep.1999.0758"},{"key":"OKIJI-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345920710051201"},{"key":"OSWALD-AND-BYERS-1993","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90889-S"},{"key":"POGODA-ETAL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1787-y"},{"key":"POHTO-AND-ANTILA-1972","unstructured":"Pohto P, Antila R (1972). Innervation of blood vessels in the dental pulp. Int Dent J 22:228\u2013239."},{"key":"PULVER-ETAL-1977","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(77)90086-3"},{"key":"RAMASWAMY-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.6.1819"},{"key":"RODD-AND-BOISSONADE-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(02)00012-2"},{"key":"SAGIYAMA-ETAL-2004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02340.x"},{"key":"SANDHU-ETAL-1987","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092190107"},{"key":"SANDHU-ETAL-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(90)90020-B"},{"key":"SCHON-ETAL-1985","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90380-4"},{"key":"SHERMAN-AND-CHOLE-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989511300508"},{"key":"SHERMAN-AND-CHOLE-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949910801110"},{"key":"SHERMAN-AND-CHOLE-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2000.15.7.1354"},{"key":"SINGH-ETAL-1981","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234556"},{"key":"STRAUB-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01297-3"},{"key":"SUZUKI-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1997.4411460.x"},{"key":"TADA-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.1"},{"key":"TATEMOTO-1982","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.18.5485"},{"key":"TAYLOR-ETAL-1988","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90270-3"},{"key":"TIEGS-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(99)00014-4"},{"key":"TOGARI-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.10121"},{"key":"TONDER-AND-NAESS-1978","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06246.x"},{"key":"TORIYA-ETAL-1997","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1997.tb00002.x"},{"key":"TRACEY-ETAL-1995","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01265-J"},{"key":"UDDMAN-ETAL-1984","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016358409033616"},{"key":"UDDMAN-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(97)00117-9"},{"key":"VAN-DER-POLL-ETAL-1996","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118469"},{"key":"WAKISAKA-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)81566-9"},{"key":"WAKISAKA-ETAL-1986","unstructured":"Wakisaka S, Ichikawa H, Akai M (1986). Distribution and origins of peptide- and catecholamine-containing nerve fibres in the feline dental pulp and effects of cavity preparation on these nerve fibres. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch 26:17\u201328."},{"key":"WAKISAKA-ETAL-1991","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(91)90093-9"},{"key":"WOICIECHOWSKY-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0798-808"},{"key":"ZUKOWSKA-GROJEC-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(98)00073-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dental Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/154405910608500602","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/154405910608500602","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/154405910608500602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:02:51Z","timestamp":1777496571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/154405910608500602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/154405910608500602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154405910608500602","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0345","1544-0591"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0345","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-0591","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]}}}