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To test the hypothesis that local antigen presentation from dendritic cells to T-cells is involved critically in immunological responses within radicular granulomas, we compared characteristics of dendritic cells and macrophages by morphological and biological analyses. Under light microscopy, HLA-DR+ and CD68+ cells showed diverse profiles, including dendritic-shaped cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that HLA-DR+ dendritic cells, with long cytoplasmic processes and lacking distinct phagosomes, were concentrated in the lymphocyte-rich area. HLA-DR alpha-chain, CD83, and CD86 mRNAs from HLA-DR+ dendritic cells, and CD28 mRNA from CD28+ T-cells were up-regulated in lymphocyte-rich area. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the density of gold particles on dendritic cells was higher than that on HLA-DR+ macrophages. These results suggest that dendritic cells in radicular granulomas are associated with local defense reactions as stronger antigen-presenting cells, as compared with macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"553-557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Antigen-presenting Cells in Human Radicular Granulomas"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan;"},{"name":"Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; and"},{"name":"Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Okiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan;"},{"name":"Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; 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