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Based on their in vitro antimicrobial and other immunomodulatory activities, these host defense peptides have been proposed to play an important role in the innate defense against pathogenic microbial colonization. The genes that encode these peptides are up-regulated by pathogens, further supporting their role in innate immune defense. However, the differences in the local microbial environments between the generally sterile airway and the highly colonized oral cavity suggest a more complex role for these peptides in innate immunity. For example, \u03b2-defensin genes are induced in the airway by all bacteria and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists primarily through an NF-\u03baB-mediated pathway. In contrast, the same genes are induced in the gingival epithelium by only a subset of bacteria and TLR ligands, via different pathways. Furthermore, the environments into which the peptides are secreted\u2014specifically saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and airway surface fluid\u2014differ greatly and can effect their respective activities in host defense. In this review, we examine the differences and similarities between host defense peptides in the oral cavity and the airway, to gain a better understanding of their contributions to immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808701011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1231443582000},"page":"915-927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Host Defense Peptides in the Oral Cavity and the Lung: Similarities and Differences"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark 07103, NJ 07101, USA; and"},{"name":"Public Health Research Institute and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Beckloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark 07103, NJ 07101, USA; and"},{"name":"Public Health Research Institute and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.K.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, 185 South Orange Ave., Newark 07103, NJ 07101, USA; and"},{"name":"Public Health Research Institute and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ABIKO-AND-SAITOH-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207782110417"},{"key":"AGERBERTH-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.1.9807041"},{"key":"AGERBERTH-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.9.3086"},{"key":"ASHITANI-ETAL-2007A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01061.x"},{"key":"ASHITANI-ETAL-2007B","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000090199"},{"key":"BAGGIOLINI-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/33340"},{"key":"BALS-ETAL-1998A","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2410"},{"key":"BALS-ETAL-1998B","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9541"},{"key":"BALS-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3542-3547.1999"},{"key":"BALS-ETAL-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.25.1.4436"},{"key":"BARRON-AND-ZUCKERMANN-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(99)00026-5"},{"key":"BASTIAN-AND-SCHAFER-2001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(01)00282-8"},{"key":"BECKER-ETAL-2000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M000184200"},{"key":"BECKLOFF-AND-DIAMOND-2008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986608784567618"},{"key":"BECKLOFF-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00208-07"},{"key":"BEFUS-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.2.947"},{"key":"BERGMAN-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016207781023947"},{"key":"BIRAGYN-ETAL-1999","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/6995"},{"key":"BIRAGYN-ETAL-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0086"},{"key":"BOWDISH-ETAL-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0704380"},{"key":"BRISSETTE-AND-LUKEHART-2002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.7.3982-3984.2002"},{"key":"BROGDEN-2005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1098"},{"key":"BUCK-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508033103"},{"key":"CANDILLE-ETAL-2007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147880"},{"key":"CARLSSON-ETAL-2006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050191"},{"key":"CEDERBLAD-AND-ALM-1990","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1990.10.65"},{"key":"CHALY-ETAL-2000","unstructured":"Chaly YV, Paleolog EM, Kolesnikova TS, Tikhonov, II, Petratchenko EV, Voitenok NN -2000- Neutrophil alpha-defensin human neutrophil peptide modulates cytokine production in human monocytes and adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells. 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