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Four related genes have been identified, CST1, 2, 4 and 5, encoding cystatins SN, SA, S, and D, respectively. CST1, 4, and probably CST5 are now known to be expressed in a limited number of other tissues in the body, primarily in exocrine epithelia, and the term SD-type cystatin is more appropriate than \u2019salivary cystatin\u2019. These genes are co-ordinately regulated in the submandibular gland during post-natal development. The organization of these tissue-specifically-expressed genes in the genome, and their phylogeny, indicate that they evolved from an ancestral housekeeping gene encoding the ubiquitously expressed cystatin C, and are members of a larger protein family. Their relationship to rat cystatin S, a developmentally regulated rodent submandibular gland protein, remains to be established. In this review, the evolution of the SD-type cystatins in the cystatin superfamily, their genomics, expression, and structure-function relationships are examined and compared with known cystatin functions, with the goal of providing clues to their biological roles. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]],"date-time":"2009-01-09T00:40:32Z","timestamp":1231461632000},"page":"485-508","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["S<scp>alivary (<\/scp>SD-T<scp>ype)<\/scp> C<scp>ystatins:<\/scp> O<scp>ver<\/scp> O<scp>ne<\/scp> B<scp>illion<\/scp> Y<scp>ears in the<\/scp> M<scp>aking<\/scp>\u2014B<scp>ut to<\/scp> W<scp>hat<\/scp> P<scp>urpose?<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"D.P.","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Maxillofacial Pathology, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-ABE-ETAL-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345980770110801"},{"key":"bibr-ABE-ETAL-1992","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1992.tb17365.x"},{"key":"bibr-ABE-KADOWAKI-OKAMOTO-NAKAYAMA-OHISHI-YAMAMOTO-1998","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021937"},{"key":"bibr-ABRAHAMSON-1994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(94)44051-4"},{"key":"bibr-ABRAHAMSON-ETAL-1986","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrahamson M, Barrett AJ, Salvesen G, Grubb A (1986). 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