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The major etiologic agent of the disease is the oral fungal pathogen Candida predominantly belonging to Candida albicans, although other systemic co-factors, such as vitamin deficiency and generalized immune suppression, may play a contributory role. Clinically, the lesions are symptomless and regress after appropriate antifungal therapy and correction of underlying nutritional or other deficiencies. If the lesions are untreated, a minor proportion may demonstrate dysplasia and develop into carcinomas. This review outlines the demographic features, etiopathogenesis, immunological features, histopathology, and the role of Candida in the disease process. In the final part of the review, newer molecular biological aspects of the disease are considered together with the management protocols that are currently available, and directions for future research. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]],"date-time":"2009-01-09T00:40:32Z","timestamp":1231461632000},"page":"253-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["C<scp>hronic <\/scp>H<scp>yperplastic <\/scp>C<scp>andidosis\/<\/scp>C<scp>andidiasis (<\/scp>C<scp>andidal <\/scp>L<scp>eukoplakia)<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M.A.M.","family":"Sitheeque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.P.","family":"Samaranayake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong SAR, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-ANDRIOLE-AND-HASENCLEVER-1962","unstructured":"Andriole VT, Hasenclever HF (1962). 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